Ancient Man and His First Civilizations

Etruria

Italy

As is always the case with Europeanized history, there has always been an attempt by European Academics and researchers to establish a genetic link between modern White Europeans and Europe’s Original Black inhabitants. To that end, there has been no lack of Bogus and mis-attributed Artifacts, along with the requisite bogus history. But today, a new breed of researchers have taken the stage; a group less insecure and more honest - but still not completely honest: Though they present the data, they still can't seem to bring themselves to actually say it, i.e. The first Europeans were Black People! Note the two studies below: Must be some type of Phobia, peculiar only to White people.

The Etruscans: A Population-Genetic Study

Copyright © 2004 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.

Cristiano Vernesi,1 David Caramelli,2 Isabelle Dupanloup,1,* Giorgio Bertorelle,1 Martina Lari,2 Enrico Cappellini,2 Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi,2 Brunetto Chiarelli,2 Loredana Castrì,3 Antonella Casoli,4 Francesco Mallegni,5 Carles Lalueza-Fox,6 and Guido Barbujani1

Abstract

In this study, we present the first extensive genetic data on a European population of the pre-classical period, the Etruscans.

The origins of the Etruscans, a non-Indo-European population of pre-classical (pre-Roman) Italy, are unclear. There is broad agreement that their culture developed locally, but the Etruscans’ evolutionary and migrational relationships are largely unknown. In this study, we determined mitochondrial DNA sequences in multiple clones derived from bone samples of 80 Etruscans who lived between the 7th and the 3rd centuries B.C. No significant heterogeneity emerged among archaeological sites or time periods, suggesting that different Etruscan communities shared not only a culture but also a mitochondrial gene pool. Genetic distances and sequence comparisons show closer evolutionary relationships with the eastern Mediterranean shores for the Etruscans than for modern Italian populations. (The ancient inhabitants of the eastern Mediterranean shores, were Canaanites, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Egyptians, all of whom were Black people).

Admixture coefficients were inferred from differences in haplotype frequencies, considering the Etruscans and the modern Italian populations as hybrids among up to four potential parents. The mitochondrial features of the parental populations were approximated assuming that the best available estimates of allele frequencies in past (and unknown) populations is found in their modern counterparts, as is customary in admixture studies. We chose the Basques as representative of Western Europe, the Turks as representative of the eastern Mediterranean region, Karelians and Volga Finns as representative of northeastern Europe, and Egyptians and Algerians as representative of North Africa.

Various tests show that the Tuscans (see next study below) are the Etruscans’ closest neighbors in terms of genetic distances. Despite that broad similarity, however, Etruscans and Tuscans share only two haplotypes. This finding is difficult to interpret in the absence of data on any other European population of the pre-classical period. One possible interpretation is that all or most European populations of that time period were as different from their modern counterparts as the Etruscans appear to be. This would imply either extensive gene flow or a high rate of extinction of mitochondrial haplotypes, both processes causing a drastic change of the mitochondrial pool in the last 2,500 years. More importantly, a result of that kind would force us to reconsider the universally held assumption that patterns in the DNA of modern individuals reflect the evolutionary processes affecting their prehistoric ancestors. Alternatively, should other ancient populations prove similar to comparable modern ones, one should conclude that the Etruscans’ mitochondrial sequences underwent extinction at a particularly high rate and look for an explanation for that. Until more ancient DNA data become available, both scenarios will remain possible, although we favor the latter.

Etruscans show closer relationships both to North Africans and to Turks than any contemporary population. In particular, the Turkish component in their gene pool appears three times as large as in the other populations.

Malta

On the Island of Malta, the Ghar Dalam culture is the earliest known phase of Malta culture. At the Cave Ghar Dalam the earliest evidence of human settlement on Malta, some 7,400 years ago was found. Because of debris left by these ancient Humans, this cave is also a veritable depository of semi-fossilized remains and extinct species such as dwarf elephants and hippopotami which roamed the island some 250,000 years ago, ostensibly when it was still part of the mainland.

It is suggested that a rise in sea level stranded these large mammals on the island and that the lack of food caused the dwarf versions to evolve. This theory is however challenged by the existence of Pygmy Hippopotamus native to the forests and swamps of western Africa – particularly in the country of Liberia.

During the neolithic Age from 5,000 to 4,500 B.C, the cave was also one of the sites used by a new wave of man who crossed to the Maltese islands from Sicily via a land bridge. By 3,600-3,000 B.C, Temples began to be constructed, simply at first, but then increasingly more sophisticated. So that by 3,000 B.C, construction had become very sophisticated: such as the immense stone blocks and the intricate facades of Hagar Qim.

During the Temple building phase, Egyptian influence on the Maltese is evident in the manner in which they built their tombs and temples and buried their dead. (However, the nature of their statuary, particularly their “Mother Goddesses” which are depicted as Steatopygia females, indicates ethnic commonality with the peoples of the Cyclades islands in the Aegean Sea, and the civilization at Catal Huyuk in Anatolia (Turkey). These civilizations trace their begins to the ancient Khoisan of Southern Africa (Grimaldi man); who were the first “Fully Modern Humans” to cross over to Europe in about 45,000 B.C). Click here for more on Grimaldi Man >>>

This phase of Malta culture came to a sudden end at about 2,000 B.C, possibly as a result of invasions. The culture that replaced it, of Mycenaean flavor, is evidenced today only by fragmentary remains; Bronze Age tools and weapons have been found at Borg in-Nadur (near Birzebbuga) and Tarxien Cemetery (near Paola), while Iron Age relics from about 1,200 to 800 B.C, include cart ruts at Bingemma (near Nadur Tower).

The Phoenicians

At around 700 B.C, the White Greeks settled on Malta, especially around the area where Valletta now stands. A century later; Phoenician traders, who used the islands as a stop on their trade routes from the eastern Mediterranean to Great Britain, (from where they obtained Tin, which when smelted with copper (from Cyprus) created the durable metal alloy bronze; Strabo states that there was a highly lucrative Phoenician trade with Britain for tin). They also joined the natives on the island. The Phoenicians inhabited the area now known as Mdina, and its surrounding town of Rabat, which they called Maleth. The later arriving Romans, who also lived in Mdina, referred to it (and the island) as Melita.

During the First Punic War (wars with Rome) of 218 B.C, tensions led the Maltese people to rebel against Carthage and turn control of their garrison over to the Roman Republic consul Sempronius. Malta remained loyal to Rome during the Second Punic War and the Romans rewarded it with the title Foederata Civitas, a designation that meant it was exempt from paying tribute or the rule of Roman law, although at this time it fell within the jurisdiction of Sicilia province. Finally, in 146 B.C, after a third war with Rome, Carthage suffered total destruction. It was rebuilt as a Roman colony in 44 B.C. The ancient Phoenician language survived in use as a vernacular in some of the smaller cities of North Africa at least until the time of St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo (5th century A.D). Click here for the story of Hannibal >>>

Around 100 A.D, the Maltese Islands were a thriving part of the Roman Empire, being promoted to the status of Municipium under Hadrian. The Bible in the Acts of the Apostles, relates that during 60 A.D, Jesus Christ's apostle Saint Paul, was shipwrecked on the northern shore of the island at Saint Paul's Bay, being received by the person who would be known to posterity as Saint Publius, and stayed in Malta for three months, introducing Christianity and performing various miracles.

When the Roman Empire split into Eastern and Western divisions in the 4th century, Malta fell under the control of the Greek speaking Byzantine Empire from 395 to 870 A.D, which ruled from Constantinople. Although Malta was under Byzantine rule for four centuries, not much is known from this period. There is evidence that Germanic tribes, including the Goths and Vandals, briefly took control of the islands before the Byzantines launched a counter attack and retook Malta.

Euphemius was a Byzantine admiral, Probably born in Messina Sicily, and may have been non-White; at about 826 A.D, he proclaimed himself emperor in Syracuse, and the whole territory of the islands. He was subsequently defeated by Byzantine troops and escaped to Ifriqiya (North Africa), where he asked for help from the Arabs to take Sicily and Malta from the Byzantines. In 827 A.D, he returned to Sicily with a large Arab fleet. Euphemius was killed later that year during an attack on Enna, but the Arabs were successful in taking the Islands.

The Arabs introduced new irrigation methods, new fruits and cotton, and the Siculo-Arabic language was adopted on the islands, and from Sicily to Southern Italy: it would eventually evolve into the Maltese language. The native Christians were allowed freedom of religion, but had to pay an extra tax. The Normans from the Duchy of Normandy successfully invaded Sicily and the Maltese Islands in 1091 A.D, and "Roger I" was warmly welcomed by the native Christians. The Maltese offered to fight for him and in response Roger reportedly tore off a portion of his flag, half-red half-white, presenting it to the Maltese; this formed the basis of the flag of Malta.

The Catholic Church was re-instated as the state religion, with Malta under the See of Palermo. Norman architecture sprung up around Malta, especially in its ancient capital Mdina. Tancred of Sicily, the last Norman monarch, made Malta and Gozo a feudal lordship or fief within the kingdom, and a Count of Malta was instituted. The kingdom passed on to the House of Hohenstaufen from 1194 until 1266 A.D, and Malta was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation for 72 years. It was under Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (1194 – 1250 A.D.), that all remaining Muslims were expelled from Malta (in 1224 A.D.) and the entire Christian male population of Celano in Abruzzo, was exported to Malta to replace them - Thus Malta became a purely White Island.

The Etruscans

Ancient Etruscans Unlikely Ancestors Of Modern Tuscans, Testing Reveals.

News story from the Science Daily — For the first time, Stanford university researchers have used statistical computer modeling to simulate demographic processes affecting the population of the Tuscany region of Italy over a 2,500-year time span. Rigorous tests used by the researchers have ruled out a genetic link between Ancient Etruscans, the original inhabitants of central Italy, and the region's modern day residents.

The findings indicate (as is obvious from the pictured artifacts), that the Ancient Etruscans had little in common with the people who later came to Italy, said Joanna Mountain, assistant professor of anthropological sciences. The findings as documented in ''Serial Coalescent Simulations” indicate a Weak Genealogical Relationship Between Etruscans and Modern Tuscans. The study was published May 15, 2006 in the online version of the National Academy of Sciences. Uma Ramakrishnan, a former Stanford postdoctoral fellow, and Elise M. S. Belle along with Guido Barbujani of the University of Ferrara in Italy, co-authored the paper with Mountain.

To date; the Etruscans are the only pre-classical European population that has been genetically analyzed, Mountain said. Two years ago, Italian geneticists extracted maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA from the bones of 27 people called Etruscans found in six different necropolises (burial sites) in Tuscany. The female lineage was investigated because, unlike the male Y chromosome, many copies of mitochondrial DNA are found in each cell and thus are easier to extract, Mountain explained. The finding is important because it questions the common assumption that residents of a particular place are descendants of its earlier inhabitants, Mountain said.
Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by Stanford University.

Having established the true race of the Etruscans, let us now learn about their civilization.

The Etruscans

Etruscans were members of the ancient civilization of Etruria, a country in what is now Italy. Their urban civilization is though to have started well before 800 B.C. But it's true beginnings cannot be ascertained, because their literature, especially the Etrusca Disciplina, the Etruscan books of cult and divination, were collected and burned in the 5th century A.D. by White Christian elements. Some say the Etruscans were originally pelasgians (the original people of Greece), some say that they were Phrygian migrants from Anatolia. But both of those theories seem to miss the fact that the entire area was inhabited by Black people, since about 45,000 B.C, when Grimaldi man first entered Europe. Therefore there is absolutely no reason why the Etruscans could not have evolved In situ.

If past behavior is any guide, the ridicules dating of Etruscan civilization to 800-900 B.C, by White people, is in response to the Etruscans being scientifically proven to be Black people. That very late dating, would serve to make it seem that they were not truly "Ancient". The Etruscans called themselves "Rasenna" which was syncopated to Rasna or Raśna. Those that joined the "Sea People" exodus were known as the Tyrrhenians.

The Etruscan cities were large, and in all ways comparable to cities of the other great ancient civilizations. Etruscan state government, like others of those times, was a theocracy (the king was deified, and considered a god). Their religion employed elaborate cults and rituals.

Very little is known about their social and civic structure, except that their city-states weren't particularly unified. The heads of Etruscan cities, apparently at times, met to discuss military and political affairs. But apart from this, the Etruscans could be considered, as many ancient sources describe them, “duodecim populi Eturiae” or “the twelve peoples of Eturia”, (the twelve peoples, referring to the twelve major city-states).

Although the divisions between the Etruscan states were not as extreme as those found in other areas; like Sumer, where they were constantly at war with each other. Still, these individual Etruscan states were strange in that they apparently felt no obligation to cooperate with each other, and provide aid to each other in times of need. Consequently they had no mechanism to unify, when faced with a common threat.

Their agriculture was advanced and efficient, and their trading and commercial relationships were far ranging and profitable. Mining and the commerce of metal, especially copper and iron, led to the enrichment of the Etruscans and to the expansion of their influence in the Italian peninsula and the western Mediterranean sea.

Those wishing to pursue an understanding of the Human Journey, and Specifics of the ancient East African migrations, which led to Modern Man's colonization of the entire world; please visit the National Geographic – Genographic Project – Atlas of the Human Journey. Though as one would expect, when it comes to European and Anatolian (Turkey) settlement, it is not only inaccurate, it is often Racist. But what would you expect?  https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html