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A SHORT HISTORY OF THE MAYAN EMPIRE
and its destruction.




Please note: this is a pretty dense file (about 30 meg.), mostly pictures of  Mayans, their Pyramids and such. Depending on your bandwidth, it my take a couple of stops and restarts to get the full file to load.





There are remnants of ancient "Superhighway's"
hidden beneath this Tree Canopy!

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The La Danta Pyramid in the El Mirador region of Guatemala.



The Washington Post - 5/20/2023


Beneath 1,350 square miles of dense jungle in northern Guatemala, scientists have discovered 417 cities that date back to circa 1,000 B.C. that are connected by “Superhighways”. Around 110 miles of spacious stone roadways have been revealed so far, some measuring around 130 feet wide and elevated off the ground by as much as 16 feet. The causeways were constructed and elevated above the swamps and dense jungle flora by using layers of mud, quarry stone, and limestone cement. On top of the raised roads was a thick layer of white plaster. The Maya word for these roadways is “Sacbe” meaning “White Road.”



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Graphic of how "Road Networks" connected Mayan Cities


These roads, a network of what researchers called “The first freeway system in the world.” Scientist say this extensive “City connected by Road Network”, along with sophisticated ceremonial complexes, hydraulic systems and agricultural infrastructure, suggests that the ancient Maya civilization, which stretched through what is now Central America, was even more advanced than previously thought. Mapping the area since 2015 using lidar technology — an advanced type of radar that reveals things hidden by dense vegetation and the tree canopy — researchers have found what they say is evidence of a well-organized economic, political and social system operating many millennia ago.



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If you ever thought Trumps people were the stupidest Albinos in the world, well they have company. Josh Gates plays the part of Trump telling his people all sorts of stupid lies, and his audience plays the part of Trumps people - eating it up! Example: Josh tells them that the Maya denuded their land to build their Cities and Grow Corn, which caused their weather to change causing a huge "Drought", which caused the Maya to abandon their cities. Clearly The Spanish and their Mongol Allies slaughtering them with Steel Swords, Guns and Cannon and riding in on Horseback, none of which the Americans had, is not seen as sufficient cause for the Maya to flee by Josh Gates peoples reckoning.


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“We now know that the Maya Preclassic period was one of extraordinary complexity and architectural sophistication, with some of the largest buildings in world history being constructed during this time,” says Hansen, president of the Foundation for Anthropological Research and Environmental Studies, a nonprofit scientific research institution that focuses on ancient Maya history. These findings in the El Mirador jungle region are a “game changer” in thinking about the history of the Americas, Hansen said. The lidar findings have unveiled “a whole volume of human history that we’ve never known” because of the scarcity of artifacts from that period, which were probably buried by later constructions by the Maya and then covered by jungle. When scientists digitally removed ceiba and sapodilla trees that cloak the area, the lidar images revealed ancient dams, reservoirs, pyramids and ball courts.

El Mirador has long been considered the “cradle of the Maya civilization,” but the proof of a complex society already being in place circa 1,000 B.C. suggests “a whole volume of human history that we’ve never known before,” the study says. Rick Chacon, professor of anthropology at Winthrop University in Rock Hill, S.C., says the research “sheds light on how the ancient Maya significantly modified their local environment, and it enhances our understanding of how social complexity arose.” Chacon was not involved in the research. Enrique Hernández, an archaeologist at San Carlos University in Guatemala City and a co-author of the paper, has spent several months every year for the past two decades excavating in El Mirador. He says that once the area is fully revealed, it could be potentially as significant a marker in human history as the pyramids in Egypt, the oldest of which dates circa 2,700 B.C. (The Great Pyramid of Cholula in Mexico, which is more than 2,000 years old, is the largest in the world by volume. It is shorter but wider than Egypt’s Great Pyramid of Giza.)



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It’s hard to imagine such a huge archaeological draw right now: El Mirador’s remoteness in Petén, along the Mexico-Guatemala border, is visited each year by only a few thousand tourists who must either hike nearly 40 miles through jaguar, puma and snake-filled rainforests or fly in by helicopter. (The Egyptian pyramids, by comparison, are visited by over 14 million people annually, with luxury hotels nearby.) But such is the magnitude of this find that Hernández says he thinks it could happen. Excavations around Balamnal in 2009 “failed to recognize the incredible sophistication and size of the city, all of which was immediately evident with lidar technology,” Hansen says. Lidar showed the site to be among the largest in El Mirador, with causeways “radiating to other smaller sites suggest[ing] its administrative, economic and political importance in the Preclassic periods.” The lidar images raise questions about how “one society living in a tropical jungle in Central America became one of the greatest ancient civilizations in the world [while] another society living in Borneo is still hunting and gathering in the exact same environment,” Hansen says. Beyond how lidar mapping might reshape future finds both in this area and further afield, there is one thing on the minds of all involved: ensuring that the site is properly preserved.





The Maya


This is an early touch on one aspect of Mayan Culture that many people are unaware of, like many ancient people they were "Head Shapers". Head Shaping or Artificial cranial deformation or modification, head flattening, or head binding is a form of body alteration in which the skull of a human being is deformed intentionally. It is done by distorting the normal growth of a child's skull by applying force. Flat shapes, elongated ones (produced by binding between two pieces of wood), rounded ones (binding in cloth), and conical ones are among those chosen or valued in various cultures. Typically, the shape alteration is carried out on an infant, as the skull is most pliable at this time. In a typical case, head binding begins approximately a month after birth and continues for about six months.  Intentional cranial deformation predates written history; it was practiced commonly in a number of cultures that are widely separated geographically and chronologically, and still occurs today in a few areas, including Vanuatu.


EXAMPLES


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THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS ALSO USED "HEAD SHAPING".


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MODERN AFRICANS STILL DO IT.

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Maya Pictures explained.



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The above picture looks like a wall painting, but it is not, it is called a "Roll Out". Unfortunately for us the degenerate Spanish and their newly created Albino Catholic Church conspired to destroy all traces of Black Rule in Europe and here in the Americas. To do that they destroyed all (almost all) Paintings and Statues of Black Nobility and Royalty in Europe and all Maya, Inca, and Aztec books and record keeping media. What follows is how the Roll-Outs like above are made.


The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Unrolling the Ceramic Canvases of Maya Painters


The master painters and scribes of the Classic Maya period (ca. A.D. 250–900) probably created hundreds, if not thousands, of illuminated books on bark paper or hide. These creations took the form of screenfold codices, only four of which survive from before the Spanish conquest. The 12th-century Dresden Codex—so named for its current repository at the State University Libraries of Dresden—is the best preserved, showcasing scenes of divine actions and tables of dates charting the cycles of celestial bodies.

Because no complete books survive from the Classic period, scholars rely on scenes painted on ceramic plates and cylindrical drinking vessels in order to understand Maya visual narratives. When Michael Coe published the catalogue for his landmark exhibition The Maya Scribe and His World at the Grolier Club in 1973, he commissioned artist Diane Griffiths Peck to "roll out" the vessels using line drawings. Peck skillfully rendered the images from the cylindrical and globular vessels in planar form. Two of her drawings documented vessels now in The Met collection: the so-called "Metropolitan Vase" in the codex style, and a masterpiece stone pot for drinking chocolate



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Though there is Mayan text above these Roll-Out scenes which
explains the scene, we lack the ability to read Mayan writing - sorry.


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Another area of uncertainty relating to Mayan Art is their Skin Color as presented by the "Roll-Out" makers. As we know the "Raw" roll-out is merely a series of "Lines" which have to be filled-out by Hand Painting. As we also know, Albinos are degenerate liars and Falsifiers as related to Blacks in general, but especially as relating to "Ancient Blacks", quite simply Albinos try to make them appear as close to Albino as possible. As we know from Mayan Murals in Temples and Tombs; the Maya were generally a very "Black" people. Yet these Roll-Outs suggest a wide variety of skin tones for the Maya, is it real, or simply more falsification by the Albinos?


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As we have admitted, we are  laggards too worthless to even learn to read our own peoples ancient language - but we do take credit for spending many years learning our history. As to the reading part we have come up with what appears to be a very fine page by the University of California - Riverside, which explains Mayan Writing very clearly and thoroughly. It even mentions the Albino Spanish Catholic Bishop (after Black usurpation), responsible for the destruction of thousands of years of Mayan knowledge.         << Click here for Mayan Script page >>


For those wondering what is this Black usurpation we speak of: Well prior to the defeat of the last Black ruled Empire (The Holy Roman Empire: developed in the Early Middle Ages (800 A.D, and lasted for almost one thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars), it was centered in Germany and Austria, and defeated by the forces of the trumped-up and newly created "Protestant" religions, freshly created by Europe's new majority, the Albinos from Central Asia. This is what Catholics originally looked like.




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Housed in the Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid.

<<Click here to see the painting in the Museum>>
    
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<<Click here to see the painting in Wiki Commons>>




The Decipherment of Maya Hieroglyphs

From the University of California page - quote: The story really started with Bishop Diego de Landa, who avidly committed to destroy every Maya book that he could find. Ironically, though, when he was composing his Relación de las cosas de Yucatán, he included a very sketchy and rather erroneous "summary" of Maya hieroglyphics. Apparently, he assumed that Mayas wrote with an alphabet, and so he asked his native informants on how to write "a", "b", "c", and so forth, in Maya. The Mayas, on the other hand, heard the syllables "ah", "beh", "seh" (as "a", "b" and "c" would be pronounced in Spanish), and so forth, and naturally gave the glyphs with these phonetic values. So, in a sense, Landa recorded a very small section of the Maya syllabary, and the Mayanist equivalent of the Rosetta Stone. May the Albino SOB continue to rot in hell.



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The Codex Tudela is a c. 1550 pictorial codex written in the Aztec style. Though the Albinos want us to believe that Aztecs wrote it,
the fact that it was written about 30 years after the Aztec Empire was destroyed in August 13, 1521 by these same Albinos; and at about
 the same time the degenerate Bishop de Landa was in full operation, makes us certain that the Codex Tudela is just another Albino Fake.


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 But studying the codex gives us a clue as to the Albinos mindset and purpose. Note the left panel above;
though the Albinos made the Aztec Killer Black, they made everyone else "WHITE-LIKE". Of course
at that time, the Mexican Mestizo (mulatto) did not yet exist and all Aztec were still Black.

On the right side panel the Albinos seem to be experimenting with skin colors. This may be the beginnings of the
Spanish and Portuguese use of "Colorism" as a weapon against non-Albinos. Today in the Spanish speaking countries,
Racism is rampant and your place in society is determined by how close to Albino your complexion is.
Continued after the following LA Times story.

For those of you foolish enough to say "Thats all in the past", well Oct. 2022 doesn't seem so far back in the past.
Here is the Story:


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As can be clearly seen, these "Civilized looking" Albino/Mulatto Hispanics are every bit the degenerate resentful people as any Cracker in Mississippi or Alabama. Martinez was forced to resign, de Leon and the others are still on the board.

Kevin Leon was born in Los Angeles, but Both his parents were born in Guatemala with his father being of full or partial Chinese descent. His mother moved from Guatemala to Tijuana, Mexico in the 1960s. Seems some Mongols still harbor a grudge against Blacks.


Continued from above:
Thus these Albinos have found a way to trick weak-minded Blacks into desiring to have a disease, the disease
of Albinism. Thinking about it, we wondered what would make the Spanish and Portuguese such racists,
other than maintaining Albino control even with a minority of Albinos in these lands and the World at large.
We won't bother with actual numbers, because we know the Albinos will lie, so just look around for yourself.
For an answer to the false pride, we Googled "what was Spain's greatest contribution to the world."


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So it wasn't like they had ever done anything to be "Proud"
 of; so why all the posturing about being Spanish? They get very "Huffy" about it.
Wonder if it had anything to do with THIS?


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Ah Yes! the old compensate for weakness with "Super Aggression" trick.










Another quick Detour


This page is about the Maya, of course; but we believe that most of you have been surprised by much of what you have just read. That is because "OUR" Albinos have carefully crafted a Bogus World/Human History with "THEM" at its center. The centerpieces of their fake history is these two images: Note that the Albino peoples main Encyclopedia is behind their craziest lie - their evolution of Man. To show you just how stupid and pathetic Albino History is, we will debunk these two images with just Google questions and answers.


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We know Saint Nicholas was "Real": Saint Nicholas of Myra, also known as Nicholas of Bari, was an early Christian bishop of Greek descent from the maritime city of Myra in Asia Minor (aka Anatolia, now Turkey) during the time of the Roman Empire. Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nicholas the Wonderworker. Ref. the Greek comment above: get it through your head, "Pure" humans are BLACK, the first Humans EVERYWHERE were Black, be they Greek, Roman,Persian, Arab, Mayan, Inca, Aztec, or whatever other Black human Ethnicities our lying Albinos wish to expropriate and call Albino/White.
Most people with the ability to think straight would agree that this is almost certainly more like what Jesus would look like.

Dutch families took the tradition of celebrating the feast day of Saint Nicholas with them to New Amsterdam in the American colonies, beginning as early as the 17th century. They referred to him as Sinterklaas. That name became Santa Claus to the early United States' English-speaking majority.



Look what the Albinos did to him.



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 Here is another example of expropriation of "pigmented" people by Albinos.



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Sungir Man

Around 25 - 34,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers who roamed the Russian plains started to bury their dead at the site of Sunghir, about 200 kilometers east of what is today Moscow. Now considered one of the most iconic Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe, Sunghir was initially discovered in 1955 while it was a quarry. After careful excavations from 1957 to 1977 uncovered 30,000- to 34,000-year-old remains, the site has never ceased to fascinate archaeologists.

The mortuary site contains extremely elaborate burials of an adult male covered in beads and ochre (a red clay earth pigment), and a juvenile an adolescent, approximately 10 and 12 years old, buried head to head.

“Sunghir is the earliest example we have in Europe of very elaborate Homo sapiens burials,” says Natasha Reynolds, an archaeologist at the University of Bordeaux in France, who specializes in the European Upper Paleolithic. “It is the first point in time where we see these complex mortuary behaviors reflected in the European archaeological record.”



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Lapland is Finland’s northernmost region, a sparsely populated area bordering Sweden, Norway, Russia and the Baltic Sea. It’s known for its vast subarctic wilderness, ski resorts and natural phenomena including the midnight sun and the Northern Lights. Capital Rovaniemi is the gateway to the region. It is the homeland of the indigenous Sami people, which extends into neighboring countries.

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This Woman is obviously a Central Asian Albino whose family may or may not have Chosen to live among the Sami - Or - all of those photographs of Albinos you see when you "Google Sami people" are simply "STAGED" by lying Albino photographers.


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WHEN DID ALBINO VIKINGS SHOW UP IN THE ARCTIC?

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As some of you may remember, Jesus was a Hebrew man in Israel (The word "Jew" was created in modern times by the Khazar Turks who live there now). Here is a article in a local newspaper concerning Albinos and the Sun. So NO! Someone looking like that could not be "Natural" or native to Israel or any other part of the Earth. Even Eskimos and other Arctic people in Pure-blood, unmixed with Albinos form, have Melanated skin.


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The Changpa

The Changpa or Champa (not to be confused with the Champa people of the original Vietnamese civilization - then again..) are a semi-nomadic Tibetan people found mainly in the Changtang in Ladakh and in Jammu and Kashmir. A smaller number resides in the western regions of the Tibet Autonomous Region and were partially relocated for the establishment of the Changtang Nature Reserve. As of 1989 there were half a million nomads living in the Changtang area.

The homeland of the Changpa is a high altitude plateau known as the Changtang, which forms a portion of western and northern Tibet extending into southeastern Ladakh, and Changpa means "northerners" in Tibetan. Unlike many other nomadic groups in Tibet, the Changpa are not under pressure from settled farmers as the vast majority of land they inhabit is too inhospitable for farming.




If you Google "Can Blacks Sunburn"
this is what you will get from The National Institutes of Health.


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Funny thing though, this is what Albinos
said about us when they were Enslaving u
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As to that silly "Evolution of Man"
drawing put out by Encyclopedia Britannia above:


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When the Albinos could no longer find melanated people stupid enough to believe their
evolution nonsense they changed tract and went with "they JUST recently changed to WHITE."



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Remember the answer from The National Institutes of Health on whether or not Blacks
Sunburn? To be clear that is an arm of the United States Government telling you that nonsense.




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To: U.S. National Institutes of Health - these Black people with BROWN skin below are the
San People
of the Kalahari Desert. Please tell us what "Magic" they know which
allows them to live
in the desert with NO COVER and no cloths for year after year for thousands of years.


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Just one more point on White People: Every White person is an Albino - Albino means White - from the Latin "Albus". In function it works the same way as Negro, which means "Black" in Spanish and Portuguese but was more palatable for race confused Negroes in the United States. Difference being that Black is the "Natural" color of Humans, whereas "White" Skin is indicative of a gene abnormality, as is Blonde Hair, Blue, Green, Gray eyes. The trait for curly hair (which is the normal for humans) follows the same rules, two damaged or recessive allele’s of the "TCHH" gene means that you have straight hair.

To be precise: Every single White Person of today, has in his lineage a Black Mother or Father or Both. We can draw some conclusions from the facts that we know; the Albinos themselves say that they have existed for only 6k - 12,000 years. Whereas Black Homo-Sapiens have existed for at least 400,000 years, and before that there was Homo-Habilis and Homo- Erectus which were early forms of "Modern Man". So all in all - Black Humans have inhabited the Earth for millions of years and did not produce any Albinos in all that time until 6k - 12,000 years ago.

Common logic tells us that some World-Wide calamity must have struck the Earth some 6k - 12,000 years ago, while not doing much "Physical Damage" to the Earth, it had an effect on people. The only thing to fit that type of scenario is a very powerful "Solar Flare" which fried the Melanin producing genes of perhaps people who were caught without shelter.

Following the logic:
we can infer that Asia rather than Africa was more directly facing the Sun as the Flare occurred. Logical support for this theory is plentiful: a) European Albinos are overwhelmingly of the Indian Dravidian phenotype (Caucasoid). China and the other Mongoloid nations (Japan, Korea, etc.) are all majority Mulatto nations today: ergo "The Yellow Race." (The combination of Black and Albino and especially of two Mulattoes, often produces people with a "Yellow Hue" to their skin.)  Though Blacks were the founding populations everywhere, and were plentiful until modern times, now few can still be found in the Mongol nations, that can only be because they were absorbed by huge Albino populations.


Chinese Albinos
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Click here for a "Blow-up" of the Silk Scroll below. Note that Kublai Khan's Wife is a "Pure" Albino (red marker) OCA Type 1 - like the people above. Most Europeans are OCA type 2 Albinos - see list further down this page.

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Today there is 800,000,000 - 1,000,000,000 Albinos in the world, compared to the 5.5 Billion (with a B) Blacks, and 1.5 Billion Mongols, with the rest being Mulattoes. But Albino reproduction numbers are low: So it looks like they murdered those many millions of us for a prize that they will not be able to keep. (Not enough Mongols among us to save them this time, maybe they'll give XI some more Chocolate Cake).


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2021
In the United States, the highest fertility rates (per 1,000 women ages 15-44) during 2019-2021 (average) were to Hispanic women (63.5), followed by blacks (60.2), American Indian/Alaska Natives (55.8), Whites (54.4) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (52.9).

Fertility rates by race/ethnicity - March of Dimes.


Picture representation of a Solar Flare
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Effects of solar flares on humans:
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Continued from can Blacks Sunburn:
Point being - only those who believe government CENSUS numbers will believe that nonsense.

Btw, thats why Albino states are desperate to enact "VOTER SUPPRESSION LAWS"
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The worst States that Have Enacted Restrictive Voting Laws and/or Interference laws this Year.

Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, New Mexico, Kansas, Indiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia,Texas.

Texas legislators introduced several bills this year that target election administration in Harris County (home to Houston), which is the third largest county in the country and has the greatest number of nonwhite eligible voters in the state.

All this because of Biden’s failure to protect our VOTING RIGHTS, now he wants our vote again.


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Ya, FEAR of that 13.6% of population Black Voters taking over is keeping Albinos up at night.
Lets see: 75.5/13.6 = 5.55
If those numbers were true, that would mean that there was almost (6) Albino Voters for every (1) Black Voter
YET THEY NEED TO DO VOTER SUPPRESSION??
He,he: Kinda get the feeling that the "Real" numbers might not be as the Albinos say - Huh?
 






Background History continued:

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Migration to Europe

Sometime about 45,000 B.C. The Great Glacial Ice Sheets that covered most of Europe, started to melt and a group, or groups, of Khoisan peoples (we call them Grimaldi) walked across the Gibraltar straits and entered Europe. This marks the first time in Human History that modern Humans have crossed over into the formally frozen wilderness of Europe. Once in Europe, Grimaldi Man continued his migrations, and came to eventually inhabit all of Europe and Northern Asia. The Easternmost limit of his range, appears to have been the settlement known as Mal'ta in Siberia Russia, just north of Mongolia. Khoisan is a collective term for the Khoikhoi (Hottentot) and San (Bushmen) peoples of southern Africa.

The Khoisan were the first inhabitants of southern Africa and one of the earliest distinct groups of Homo sapiens; enduring centuries of gradual dispossession at the hands of every new wave of settlers, including the Bantu, whose descendants make up most of South Africa's black population today.

Quote: According to conventional thinking, the Khoisan tribes of southern Africa, have lived in near-isolation from the rest of humanity for thousands of years. In fact, the study shows that some of their DNA matches most closely people from modern-day southern Europe, including Spain and Italy. Lie: no serious anthropologist says the San lived in isolation. As a matter of fact their very name is a combination of two peoples.

Further; will Albinos never learn? (They're trying to say that the Albinos of southern Europe are native Europeans). The REAL story: All Albinos start off as Black Humans, when two Black humans with "Damaged" Melanin producing genes mate, the result is an Albino child. The majority of Europe's and Central Asia's Albinos are of Indian Dravidian stock (India's Pure-Black people who are India's original people). The Brown ones are Mulattoes.

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As to why southern European Albinos have San genes; it could be as simple as this: As the Central Asian Albino tribes; namely the Germanic Visigoth's, Alan's, and Vandals, marauded through Southern Europe in the 400s A.D, they of course raped native women, thereby preserving Black female genes in todays Albino populations. Have you noticed that Southern Europeans are "DARKER"?

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The first Africans in Europe

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Once in Europe, Grimaldi Mans artistic urges took off, (perhaps because during the long winters there was nothing to do but paint). In any event, European Cave painting is the finest anywhere. (Perhaps too fine?). We know our Albinos to be a jealous and resentful people: we also know that up until very recently, their teachers and scientists were telling them that THEY were original Europeans, instead of the "Central Asians" they actually are. So considering their propensity for lying and falsification, could THEY have painted those magnificent Cave paintings in modern times, thinking that Whites would get the credit? Something worth considering.

Then we learned to Write!
 
Mesopotamia - The earliest known writing was invented there around 3400 B.C. in an area called Sumer near the Persian Gulf - Cuneiform Script.

Egypt - Their Hieroglyphic script originated shortly before 3100 B.C, at the very onset of pharaonic civilization.

Olmec - A stone block discovered in the Olmec heartland of Veracruz, Mexico, contains the oldest writing in the New World, says an international team of archaeologists, including Stephen D. Houston of Brown University. The team determined that the block dates to the early first millennium B.C. (c. 1000 B.C.)

Maya - Maya writing (Hieroglyphs (glyphs for short), were in use in the Maya area from BEFORE 300 B.C. (when we see it in the murals of a site called San Bartolo in Guatemala).


Olmec Cascajal block

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Side view of the Cascajal block, called that because it was found in a pile of debris or some other nonsense. It weighs about 25 lb and measures 14 in. × 8 in. × 5 in.

The block holds a total of 62 glyphs, some of which resemble plants such as maize and pineapple, or animals such as insects and fish. Many of the symbols are more abstract boxes or blobs. The symbols on the Cascajal block are unlike those of any other writing system in Mesoamerica, such as in Mayan languages or Isthmian, another extinct Mesoamerican script. 

  
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The Cascajal block is also unusual because the symbols apparently run in horizontal rows and "there is no strong evidence of overall organization. The sequences appear to be conceived as independent units of information". All other known Mesoamerican scripts typically use vertical rows.



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From other sources (like the San Bartolo Murals), we noticed the dishonest hand of Albinos trying to insert White (Albino) figures into Mayan Murals. In this Roll-out we see that they have simply “Erased” the paint from a few figures to achieve their lie.  Please note that the erasure is too precise to be caused by natural paint peeling. Nature does not follow the contours of a face, body, legs, or anything else, it simply causes paint to peel, wherever it is weakest.




Soon we learned to meld our pictures with text to make
a more engaging and complete story presentation.
Which is exactly what we at Realhistoryww.com strive to do.


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Assyria - Accompanying Cuneiform Script is below their feet.

Egypt - Accompanying Hieroglyphic Script is on the sides




Mayan History continued:

The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a protracted conflict during the Spanish colonization of the Americas in which the Spanish conquistadors and their allies gradually incorporated the territory of the Late Postclassic Mayan city-states and polities into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Maya occupied an area that is now part of the modern countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador; and under pressure from the Albino invaders, they also moved into parts of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The conquest began in the early 1500s and is generally considered to have ended by 1697 by Albinos because Blacks without Steel Weapons, Guns, or Horses holding out against the mighty Albinos for 197 years is BAD enough. But the true figure of 415 years is positively deflating for Albinos. See "The Caste War of Yucatán" (1847–1915) - below.

Which tribes were allies of the Spanish? The alliance between the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans and others, is one of the most important events in Black American history. The alliance of the Europeans with the Totonac and Tlaxcalan Americans gave birth to a formidable coalition which would eventually lead to the downfall and destruction of the entire Inca, Aztec, and Mayan Empires. In other words, the entire pantheon of Black civilizations in the Americas. Because the Aztec defeat is better documented, we will look at this from an Aztec point of view.


Tlaxcalan Clay figure

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Aztec couple: A 19th Century Photo of an Aztec Couple, said to be the last full-blooded Aztecs ever photographed.

Albinos in their infinite ignorance and stupidity often accuse this couple of being members of a “Freak Show” with “Pinhead Syndrome” i.e. Microcephaly; whose patients are characterized by a small, tapering cranium and often have impaired mental faculty.

Above and Below you will be shown evidence that Black native Americans, like Africans, practiced “Head Shaping”.
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Aztec and Mayan map

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The Totonac and Tlaxcalan homelands were between Aztec and Mayan territories, making it easy for them to support the Albinos against either one of the native Empires as needed.



The Tlaxcalteca

The Tlaxcalteca were originally a conglomeration of three distinct ethnic groups who spoke Nahuatl, Otomi and Pinome, respectively. Eventually, the Nahuatl speakers became the dominant ethnic group. Despite early attempts by the Mexica, the Tlaxcalteca were never conquered by the Aztec Triple Alliance. The Aztecs allowed them to maintain their independence so that they could participate in the xochiyaoyatl (flower wars) with them, which provided victims for the Aztec rituals requiring human sacrifice.


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Flowery Wars

There is no room to go in-depth into the relationship between the Aztec people and the people that they maintained Hegemony over. Suffice to say that the Aztec required the people that they had conquered, to participate in what were called, “Flowery Wars”. These were mock battles, where the Aztec, after symbolically capturing an enemy (who would be un-injured), would then have a un-blemished candidate for sacrifice to their gods.


Though the defeat of the Aztec is better documented, the treachery and betrayal of the Mongols through to their getting their just deserts (the degenerate Spanish double-crossed them) is better documented by Inca researchers. The following is by Prof. JOHN V. MURRA, INSTITUTE OF ANDEAN RESEARCH.


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Continued below;


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The Inca had no choice but to accept the ruler of Spain and other countries as their Emperor

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As is always the case Albinos try to say that All Blacks found anywhere in the World are Africans - which is TRUE in its Purest sense. But American Blacks have been absent from Africa (the birthplace of ALL Humans) longer than all other Humans - 150,000 years. While on the subject, please be aware that Albinos ARE Albinos, they are NOT naturally evolved Humans; that is to say that they did not EVOLVE to be as they are. Each of their parents at some time ago, were Black with one defective "Color" gene in each parent originally. When their two parents mated, each one contributed a defective color gene, thereby producing a child with TWO recessive color genes, which equals a full fledge Albino. The so-called "White" race came about when a Albino mates with another Albino, they can ONLY produce ANOTHER Albino because two recessive genes plus another set of two recessive genes equals another Albino; thus a New Race is born. When you Add two un-mutated genes (a Black person) you often get "Yellow Hued Mulattoes" or lovingly called "Piss colored Brothers - think Curry. (The Yellow Rose of Texas was written by a Black Soldier heading home to be with his "Yellow Rose". Naturally Albinos took it over and changed the meaning). Other Examples are the MODERN Chinese and Chinese derived people i.e. Japanese, Korean, Thai, Cambodian, Tibetan, etc. Also modern Arabs, and ALL Spanish speaking non-Blacks - non-Albinos.
   

 

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Only four countries in South America
have a Pacific coast as a part (or all) of their border.

    Geography of Chile.
    Geography of Colombia.
    Geography of Ecuador.
    Geography of Peru.

Thus the Blacks of these countries could not possibly be of African Slaves. It is somewhat embarrassing to say that, owing to the ridiculousness of the suggestion that they could be derived from African Slaves.  But as we see in modern America, Albinos will lie about anything and everything.


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Continuation of "Litigation over the Rights of “Natural Lords” in Early
Colonial Courts in the Andes"
JOHN V.  MURRA INSTITUTE OF ANDEAN RESEARCH


extract from: Native Traditions in the Postconquest World 1998 Dumbarton Oaks
Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C.



reward of past services from the emperor or his son (Espinoza Soriano 1972). Some of these “natural lords” were received by the monarch; some were granted coats of arms Spanish style. One of the petitioners requested that the crown grant him the right to sell and buy land, a privilege unknown in the Andes. By 1570, when the new viceroy, Francisco de Toledo, decided to conduct an inspection of the crown’s highland provinces, don Francisco Cusichac and his whole generation was dead. Their sons were now in charge, some of them very young men who some fifteen years earlier had met Charles V or his son, Philip, in Europe. The new viceroy called on all native authorities to display their European credentials and many did. Toledo ordered that the assembled parchments be burned. This was the beginning of a campaign against those lineages in the Andean elite that had collaborated with the invaders, an effort to destroy the European evidence of what the Spanish crown had once bestowed.

The only other group to be treated so harshly by Toledo were the descendants of another wing of the Andean elite who also sided from the earliest days with the invaders. These were the “sons” and heirs of Pawllu Thupa, the one Inka “prince” to make peace, early and openly, with the Europeans. Pawllu had helped them through extreme difficulties, particularly Almagro’s invasion of Chile. The efficiency of that thrust south was attributed by many to Pawllu Thupa’s ability to mobilize the lords of Charcas, the region known today as Bolivia. For his services, Pawllu had been allowed to keep “his Indians,” coca-leaf terraces, food-producing fields, and much other Inka wealth. (We don't know who "their" Indians were; Inca's or non-Inca's?)

A test came in 1550 at Pawllu’s death: various Europeans attempted to deprive the “Indian’s” heirs of these lands and people, but the emperor’s representative, Bishop LaGasca, resisted such claims. For the next two decades, Pawllu’s many sons were a distinguished and rich lineage in Cuzco. They spoke Spanish, invested in the long-distance coca-leaf trade to the mines at Potosí, and employed Europeans in their various enterprises. The main heir, don Carlos, was married to a European woman. Thirty-five years after the invasion, Pawllu Thupa’s heirs were the one group of Inkas at Cuzco who had managed to hang on to both status and wealth (Glave 1991). When Toledo reached Cuzco on his way to the mines at Potosí, he selected Pawllu’s lineage for special attention. As at Xauxa, the lords were ordered to display the credentials testifying to their services to the Spanish crown.

The papers were publicly burned. Don Carlos and his kin were accused of maintaining illicit contacts with those Inka who had taken refuge at Vilcabamba, in the eastern lowlands (Kubler 1946). Some twenty of Pawllu Thupa’s heirs were put on trial for subversion; during the proceedings, which lasted many months, the princes were kept in animal corrals, exposed to the elements.
                                    
The testimony was conducted in Quechua even though many of the accused spoke Spanish; a mestizo, one Gonzalo Gómez Ximénez, “interpreted” for the only record kept of the proceedings, despite Continuous protests by the accused. Ximénez’s version of what they had “confessed” became the official transcript.

The “natural lords” were sentenced by Gabriel de Loarte to the loss of “their” Indians and of their coca-leaf fields, which were granted by Toledo to Loarte. Some twenty Inka, including aged princes, don Carlos, and several children, were deported on foot to Lima. From there they were supposed to be shipped into exile to Mexico.

Of the twenty, seven survived. They were able to rally support from some of the judges at the Audiencia who were hostile to the viceroy. Toledo remained in the highlands for almost another decade, the only viceroy to devote such personal attention to the Andean population. He sponsored many institutional innovations; some of them were consistent with ideas to end the Las Casas “benevolent” approach to Indian affairs, which he brought with him from court. He tried to put an end to the influence of Bishops Gerónimo de Loaysa of Lima and Domingo de Santo Tomás in Charcas, men from another era, who spoke Quechua and had earlier corresponded with Las Casas (Las Casas 1892).

Of the people Toledo consulted, the best informed were two Salamanca trained lawyers—Juan de Matienzo and Juan Polo de Ondegardo—who gave him diametrically opposed advice. Matienzo, a crown justice at the Audiencia of Charcas, was frequently active away from his court. Even before Toledo’s arrival in 1569, Matienzo had argued for the “extirpation” of the Inka lineage that had taken refuge in the forest at Vilcabamba. The high court in Lima was betting on a reduction policy, resulting in the conversion of the refugee princes and their resettlement at Cuzco. Matienzo thought such a policy was dangerous. Resettlement expanded the number of “natural lords”at Cuzco—a loss of revenues for the Spanish crown and the threat implicit in an additional focus of traditional loyalty (Matienzo 1967). After Toledo’s arrival, he and Matienzo formed an intimate alliance broken only by the judge’s death in 1579.


The Clovis theory (Mongols)

Clovis sites have been identified throughout the contiguous United States, as well as in Mexico and Central America. The Clovis people (Mongols from East Asia) are widely believed to have been Mammoth hunters, likely arrived via the Bering land bridge that once linked Asia and Alaska. They then spread rapidly southward across the Americas - circa 12,900 - 13,1000 years ago.
National Geographic.


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Clarification: when we say "Mongol" it does not refer to the people of Mongolia (though they are included). Rather we are talking about ALL the people formerly referred to as the "Yellow" race. i. e. Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian, Korean, etc. This is what Wiki has to say about it. Wiki quote: Mongoloid is an obsolete racial grouping of various peoples indigenous to large parts of Asia, the Americas, and some regions in Europe and Oceania. The term is derived from a now-disproven theory of biological race. In the past, other terms such as "Mongolian race", "yellow", "Asiatic" and "Oriental" have been used as synonyms.


The concept of dividing humankind into the Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid races was introduced in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History. It was further developed by Western scholars in the context of racist ideologies during the age of colonialism. With the rise of modern genetics, the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete. In 2019, the American Association of Biological Anthropologists stated: "The belief in 'races' as natural aspects of human biology, and the structures of inequality (racism) that emerge from such beliefs, are among the most damaging elements in the human experience both today and in the past [end quote]. That is of course Albino nonsense intended to stifle research into Albinos and their Black creators.


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Black arrival in the Americas

1) A New Study Says Humans were in the Americas 130,000 years ago. The Atlantic Magazine.

2) Ancient humans settled in North America around 130,000 years ago, suggests a controversial study — pushing the date back more than 100,000 years earlier than most scientists accept.
The jaw-dropping claim, made in Nature1, is based on broken rocks and mastodon bones found in California that a team of researchers say point to human activity. Nature mag.
Published: 26 April 2017



Above we spoke of Blacks and then Mongols settling the Americas.
Below is the scientific evidence for that scenario.



Genetic evidence for TWO founding populations of the Americas.


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Examination of sacrificed remains suggests that the Inca, Aztec, and possibly the Maya;
(not sure if the Maya practiced Human sacrifice), used their Mongol neighbors, such as the Tlaxcalteca, Wanka and others as sacrificial humans to their gods.

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Needless to say, the tribes saw Cortes and his cannon as a god-sent. Each tribe raised its army, and rallied to Cortez, (these numbered in the many tens of thousands). The Tlaxcaltecas served as allies to Hernán Cortes and his fellow Spanish conquistadors, and were instrumental in the invasion of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire and helping the Spanish reach the Valley of Anahuac (the ancient core of Mexico).

Due to their alliance with the Spanish Crown in the conquest of Mexico, the Tlaxcalteca enjoyed some privileges among the indigenous peoples of Mexico, including the right to carry firearms, ride horses, hold noble title and to rule their settlements autonomously. The Tlaxcalteca were also instrumental in the establishment of a number of settlements in Northern Mexico (including parts of present-day southeastern Texas), where conquest of local tribes by the Spaniards had proved unfruitful. They were taken to areas inhabited by nomadic bellicose tribes (known as the Chichimeca) to serve as examples for the local indigenous groups of model subjects of the Spanish Crown, and to work in mines and haciendas.

The Tlaxcaltec colonies in the Chichimeca included settlements in the modern states of San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo León — Nueva Tlaxcala de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Horcasistas, today known as Guadalupe, and Santiago de las Sabinas, today known as Sabinas Hidalgo — and Jalisco (Villa de Nueva Tlaxcala de Quiahuistlán, today known as Colotlán).


Because the Tlaxcalans allied themselves with the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs, they were rewarded with concessions from the Spanish that allowed the territory to remain mostly intact throughout 300 years of the colonial period. After Mexican Independence, Tlaxcala was declared a federal territory, until 1857 when it was admitted as a state of the federation.


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You were perhaps expecting a "Native American" as head of Tlaxcala? Silly you, the Albinos and Albino Mulattoes of Mexico have a long history of killing Blacks and stealing their land, while at the same time, bamboozling natives of Mongol extraction.

But even with the Mongol betrayal; albeit justified:

                      We're STILL here! >>>

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A word on the language used herein: i.e. ALBINO
it is not to insult or demean, it is just a statement of fact.

Years ago, intimated and beaten-down Blacks were uncomfortable with being called "Black" so the Spanish word for Black - "Negro" was used, and that made them happy. But the rest of us were not happy, having the least of us dictate what we are called. Jesse Jackson, in his ignorance of Black history, came up with the idea of mimicking the Albinos in using their country of origin as a prefix for American; i.e. "African American" since he believed that Black Americans were the descendants of African Slaves imported into the United States. (That's what Albinos taught him in school, and even Black colleges didn't bother to check it). 

Actually Black Americans are the "LEAST" African of all Modern Humans, they left Africa long before the Australians, the East Asians, and certainly the Albinos. Scientists say that Australians left Africa 50-60,000 years ago. East Asians 40-45,000 years ago. Blacks have been in the Americas for perhaps 130-150,000 years. Albinos are still on the kick that they "TURNED" White when they reached Europe in order to absorb vitamin D better.
Sometimes we just leave them to their own lies and delusions.

What is an Albino?

People with Albinism have a reduced amount of melanin, or no melanin at all. This can affect their colouring and their eyesight. People with albinism often have white or very light blonde hair, although some have brown or ginger hair. The exact colour depends on how much melanin their body produces. United Kingdom National Health Service.

The point is that we call Albinos "Albinos" because they ARE Albinos, they can't make Melanin in any meaningful amounts. And it means the SAME thing. Etymology of Albino = Portuguese and Spanish, from albo (from Latin albus ‘white’)Thus Albino = WHITE! So as with the word Negro, whatever language you use, you're either still Black or you're still Albino.




Except for Brazil, Africans played a miniscule roll in the events and history of Mainland America (North & South). Those Black people who did all the fighting and dying, were formerly enslaved Native Americans and Black Europeans.




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There is no way that these men descend from "Hapless" African villagers,
Running to escape other Hapless African villagers, who are trying to make a
living by selling their neighboring hapless villagers to Albinos.

You see, the Albinos had a rude awakening when they tried to go out and "Farm"
the lands that they had just conquered in the Americas. After a short time
they started dying from Sun related illnesses. A few hundred years later
the state of Mississippi in its secession document explains why Albinos
MUST enslave PIGMENTED people.

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Time to put on your thinking Hats!
The Smithsonian and The Guilder Foundation both have put out pages restating
American history as regards Slavery. Both agree that of the 4,000,000+
Black Slaves before the Civil War, only 366,033 of them were Africans.
So who were the four million others? Why those "Native Americans"
young enough and Strong enough to FIGHT - LIKE THESE GUYS!



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Ever see pictures of people looking like this involved in the Civil War?

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NOTICE HOW BLACK "REAL" INDIANS ARE?

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Albinos have cultivated the impression that Blacks were mere bystanders during the Civil War, of course that is a lie. Next, to hide the fact of free European Blacks, Albinos say that the "Colored Volunteer Troops" were freed or escaped slaves. Question: how would almost 200,000 Black men make it through Confederate lines to join the Union Army?

However, Black Slaves did help the Union Army: These people, sometimes called “contrabands,” as in “confiscated enemy property,” frequently served as scouts and spies for the Union soldiers.

The Confederate government threatened to summarily execute or sell into slavery any captured black Union soldiers; and did sometimes carry out those threats. Lincoln responded by threatening to retaliate against Confederate prisoners whenever black soldiers were killed or enslaved.

Black men were not legally allowed to serve as combat soldiers in the Confederate Army--they were cooks, teamsters, and manual laborers. On March 13, 1865, with the main Rebel armies facing long odds against much larger Union armies, the Confederacy, in a desperate measure, reluctantly approves the use of Black troops. Naturally it never happened, it must have occurred to someone that the Slaves would surely shoot THEM!



By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union Army) - the Albinos tell us;
as we know, they don't lie - served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.





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We pause to show that the Albino efforts to portray Blacks as only being found in Africa and Slave populated places is NOT new. Our Albinos have been at this for a very long time. Please note that this lying crap is from an official U.S. government publication.

We were the first settlers everywhere on the planet, yet vile lying Albinos want to denigrate us like this.


Below, we point out the lies of the U.S. census.

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  African Slaves in Spanish America

VICEROYALTY OF NEW SPAIN

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We have no idea what to make of the database numbers above:
"New Spain" is a huge territory with Campeche and Veracruz
being a small "PART"
of New Spain - why their numbers are separate we don't know.
In any event only 145,735 African Slaves in total, were landed there.




Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of
Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Mexico:


There have been no official figures on the numbers of Mexicans of African descent since 1810, when a census found that African people made up 10 per cent of the total population. Most estimates now place their numbers at between 474,000 and 4.7 million. Although Veracruz is thought to have the largest black population in Mexico due its history as an important slave port, this is no longer the case. The majority of Mexico's contemporary African descendant population lives in the Costa Chica region, which includes the Caribbean coastal regions of the southern states of Oaxaca and Guerrero. RH comment: We will make no guesstimate as to how many of Mexico's Blacks are native Americans.
 

Note the Albinos obfuscation of the word Black, we have no way to differentiate between Black Americans and Black Africans, which is of course their goal. However comparing the number of imported African Slaves with the total Black population will give a satisfactory conclusion. 

Also, a careful reading of the demographics of the population of "NEW GRANADA" to the south in South America should give you a good idea of the racial realities in those times, and a hint at the racial lies Albinos routinely tell.
See the figures below for New Granada: i.e. Black Slaves were a tiny 6.2% of the population. We don't know what that means: were they "African" or "American" Slaves?




Viceroyalty of New Granada

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Mestizo - the term mestizo means mixed in Spanish, and is generally used throughout Latin America to describe people of mixed ancestry with a white European and an indigenous background.

Mulatto - a person of mixed white and Black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one Black parent.

Zambo or Sambu is a racial term historically used in the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed Indigenous and African ancestry.

RH comment: total Albino lie and bullshit, modern Albinos use that term to confuse the ethnicity of people like the Maya and other native Americans who are generally very Black in color. By calling them “Zambos” Albinos are able to explain their “Blackness” as due to African admixture. Therefore Native Americans can't be Black. Which brings us back to those Albino Mulattoes the Albinos love to feature in place of Blacks in every corner of the world - including Africa itself. Check out who they call Egyptian, Berber, Arab, etc.

Right now, think about the absurdity of this Albino Lie: what Slave master, who paid a lot of money for his African Slaves, would leave them to roam around and be impregnated by locals, and then have them produce "FREE" babies which the Slave master could not benefit from. When you see it written out, you realize just how stupid these Albino lies really are.

Albinos are certainly some very sick puppies, all because of their defensiveness at not being able to tolerate the Sun.

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Spain's African Slavery in the Caribbean by the Numbers:

27,955 to Hispaniola

26,336 to Puerto Rico

427,644 to Spanish Mainland Americas (Spanish Circum Caribbean)

92,114 to Rio de la planta (see below)

Total 519,758 African Slaves (excepting Cuba).

                     CUBA

766,310 African Slaves to Cuba

Non-Spanish

3,169,835 African slaves to Brazil (by Portugal)


[The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in 1776 by Charles III of Spain. The Viceroyalty was comprised of present-day Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia. Although it functioned as a Spanish colony, Río de la Plata was technically a personal possession of the King of Spain. This allowed both European Spain and its overseas territories to have their own laws and regulations.]


These other Caribbean Slave numbers are included for the sake of completeness.

Jamaica - 935,138 African Slaves - (British)
Saint-Domingue - 695,200 African Slaves - (Haiti)
Barbados - 375,874 - African Slaves - (British)
Dutch Guiana/Surinam - 259,955 - African Slaves
Martinique - 174,673 African Slaves - (France)
Dutch Caribbean - Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba  - 152,216 African Slaves
Grenada - 123,378 African Slaves - (British)
Antigua - 119,866 - African Slaves (British)
St. Kitts - 119,957 African Slaves (British)
Danish West Indies - Saint Thomas, Saint John, Saint Croix. -  92,837 African Slaves
British Guiana - 74,693  African  Slaves
Dominica - 102,401 African Slaves - The French imported enslaved people from West Africa to Dominica
to work on coffee plantations. Great Britain took possession in 1763 after the Seven Years' War, and it
gradually established English as its official language.



Slavery in Cuba

Slavery in Cuba was a portion of the larger Atlantic Slave Trade that primarily supported Spanish plantation owners engaged in the sugarcane trade. It was practiced on the island of Cuba from the 16th century until it was abolished by Spanish royal decree on October 7, 1886.

The first organized system of slavery in Cuba was introduced by the Spanish Empire, which attacked and enslaved the island's indigenous Taíno and Guanahatabey peoples on a grand scale. Cuba's original population was eventually almost destroyed completely, partly due to this lethal forced labor throughout the course of the 1500s. The remaining Taino intermixed with Europeans or African slaves and no full blooded Taino remained after the 1600s, though many Cubans today do have Taino DNA and are descendants of those intermixed Tainos.



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Following the Taino genocide in which the Spanish bred out or killed a majority of the native population, the Spanish were in need of new slaves to uphold their sugarcane production. They thus brought more than a million enslaved African people to Cuba. The African enslaved population grew to outnumber European Cubans, and a large proportion of Cubans today are descended from these enslaved peoples, perhaps as many as 65% of the population.

Cuba became one of the world's largest sugarcane producers after the Haitian Revolution and it continued to import enslaved Africans long after the practice was internationally outlawed. Cuba would not end its participation in the slave trade until 1867, nor abolish slave ownership until 1886. Due to growing pressure on the trade throughout the 19th century, it also imported more than 100,000 Chinese indentured workers to replace dwindling African labor.



African Slaves to the United States

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Like the United States which imported only 366,033 African Slaves, the Spanish didn't import many either.

Like the U.S. they didn't need to, they both had millions of Black Native Americans on hand to enslave.

Plus the United States had Black survivors of the "Thirty Years War" and the "two British Civil Wars" in Europe as ready sources of Slaves and Indentured servants.

Funny thing is that neither includes much about their Slavery of Native Black Americans in their bullshit histories. They always refer to them as "Indians" to imply that they weren't Blacks, but rather the Albino mulattoes like the Canadian Museum of History put forward as Mayans.

And of course if the Albinos admitted that they used European Blacks as Slaves and Indentures, that would let the Cat-out-of-the-bag, they would then have to admit that there were indeed European Blacks, then they would have to explain who they were, and what happened to them.

Back to the Maya, native Americans in the fantasy world of Albinos are supposed to look like the mulattoes Geronimo or Cochise or some other Albino looking people
- certainly NOT Black skinned people like the Maya, Aztec, Inca, etc.


Here at Realhistoryww.com - the Slavery numbers we use come from The Slave Voyages Consortium Database; made up of Emory University, Rice University, Berkeley University, Hutchins Center for African & African American Research at Harvard University, Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture, University of California, Irvine, University of California, Santa Cruz, Washington University, St. Louis, University of the West Indies, Omohundro Institute. Between them, they have collaborated with every major Slave researcher around the World. Logically, there can be no more authoritative source in the World.


When Jesse Jackson declared that Americas Blacks were "African Americans" that is simply what Albinos had taught him (that all Blacks come from Africa),  so he went with it, putting the two together. Please note from the Slave Voyages Consortium Database; the FIRST AFRICANS landed in NORTH AMERICA was in the period 1651-1675: of course Black Europeans accompanied the First Europeans to the Americas. It appears the 1619 people like Jesse Jackson, depend on Albinos to tell them what's what.

Even Wiki knows better - Quote: Most of the earliest black immigrants to the Americas were born in Spain and were not slaves, men such as Pedro Alonso Niño, a navigator who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his first voyage, and the black colonists who helped Nicolás de Ovando form the first Spanish settlement on Hispaniola in 1502.

THIS RACIST NONSENSE FROM THOSE ALBINOS WHO PRESUME TO EDUCATE US.
PBS.org (Public Broadcasting Service).

Google question: What was the population in the North during the Civil War?
Google question: What percent of all African Americans in the US (in 1860) lived in the North?

In the year of Lincoln's election and the Southern secession, there were a total of 488,070

free blacks living in the United States (North?), about 10 percent of the entire black population.
Think about this... a population of just 488,070 People: Men, Women, and Children, was able to muster an army of 198,000 Men.
That would mean that ALL the Men, and ALL of the Women, were soldiers in the Union Army! Don't you just hate "Stupid" lies?

The 1619 Project


The 1619 Project is a long-form journalism endeavor developed by Nikole Hannah-Jones, writers from The New York Times, and The New York Times Magazine which "aims to reframe the country's history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of Black Americans at the very center of the United States' national narrative. "The first publication from the project was in The New York Times Magazine of August 2019 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in the English colony of Virginia. These were also the first Africans in mainland British America, though Africans had been in other parts of North America since the 1500s. The project also developed an educational curriculum, supported by the Pulitzer Center, later accompanied by a broadsheet article, live events, and a podcast. Historians, journalists, and commentators have described the 1619 Project as a revisionist historiographical work that takes a critical view of traditionally reverenced events and people in American history, including the Patriots in the American Revolution, the Founding Fathers, along with later figures such as Abraham Lincoln and the Union during the Civil War. On May 4, 2020, the Pulitzer Prize board announced that they were awarding the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary to project creator Nikole Hannah-Jones for her introductory essay.

The 1619 Project has received criticism from a number of historians, both from the political left and right, who question its historical accuracy. In a letter published in The New York Times in December 2019, historians Gordon S. Wood, James M. McPherson, Sean Wilentz, Victoria E. Bynum, and James Oakes expressed "strong reservations" about the project and requested factual corrections, accusing the project's creators of putting ideology before historical understanding. The scholars denied the project's claim that slavery was essential to the beginning of the American Revolution, as colonists wanted to protect their right to own slaves. In response, Jake Silverstein, the editor of The New York Times Magazine, defended its accuracy and declined to issue corrections.

As they say: consider the source. The New York Times Company is owned by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. whose family has controlled the paper since 1896, he is both the paper's publisher and the company's chairman. In 2018 he appointed his son A. G. Sulzberger to control of the company. Sulzberger was born to a Jewish family on February 5, 1926, in New York City.


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Nikole Sheri Hannah-Jones (born April 9, 1976) is an American investigative journalist, known for her coverage of civil rights in the United States. She joined The New York Times as a staff writer in April 2015, was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2017, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 2020 for her work on The 1619 Project. Hannah-Jones is the inaugural Knight Chair in Race and Journalism at the Howard University School of Communications, where she also founded the Center for Journalism and Democracy.

Hannah-Jones was born in Waterloo, Iowa, to father Milton Hannah, who is African-American, and mother Cheryl A. Novotny, who is white and of Czech and English descent. Hannah-Jones is the second of their three daughters. She was raised Catholic. Hannah-Jones and her sister attended predominantly white schools as part of a voluntary program of desegregation busing. She attended Waterloo West High School, where she wrote for the high-school newspaper and graduated in 1994. After high school, Hannah-Jones attended the University of Notre Dame, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and African-American studies in 1998.

In 1995, in response to an article published in the Notre Dame student newspaper that called American Indians "Savages", Hannah-Jones replied with an article titled "Modern Savagery." She stated: "I find it hard to believe that any member of the white race can have the audacity and hypocrisy to call any other culture savage. The white race is the biggest murderer, rapist, pillager and thief of the modern world....The crimes they committed were unnecessarily cruel and can only be described as acts of the devil."

Seems her heart is in the right place, but she was taught by Albinos, just what the Albinos wanted her to know. She is only 48 now, maybe another 20 years of independent research will bring her up to speed.








In 1630, the Dutch conquered the prosperous sugarcane-producing area in the northeast region of the Portuguese colony of Brazil. Although it only lasted for 24 years, the Dutch colony resulted in substantial art production. The governor Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen also encouraged scientific exploration and his palace in Mauritsstad (present-day Recife) included botanical gardens, a zoo, and a cabinet of curiosities. Maurits brought two artists, Albert Eckhout and the landscape painter Frans Post, to Brazil to document the local flora, fauna, people, and customs. Eckhout’s series of eight paintings helps us to understand how the Dutch artist encoded ethnic differences among the colony’s population.



Native Americans, Mongol Americans, and mixed race Americans 
of Brazil, by Dutch painter Albert Eckhout circa 1650.


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Please note: we have added an addendum to this page titled
"Spanish and Portuguese Atrocities During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade era and it's aftermath".
This page explores the Racism and Colorism endemic in The former Spanish
and Portuguese colonies of Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.


Click here to go to that page: >>



Back to the Mayan defeat:


The conquest of the Maya by the Spanish was a long process that lasted more than a century and a half, 170 years to be exact, even though the heyday and splendor of the ancient Maya Empire had already ended, and the Maya were in a period of decline.

The Mayan civilization occupied  a wide area of Central America and Mexico. The year 1527 was when Francisco de Montejo el Adelantado arrived to the eastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula; 1697 is when Tayasal, the last Mayan city, located on an island in the middle of Lake Petén Itzá in Guatemala fell.

Francisco de Montejo began to search for his big opportunity. The conquest by Cortés had set the standard for success, and other ambitious conquistadors wanted to emulate him. Montejo thought that Yucatan provided such an opportunity. The coastline was dotted with towns and the interior was rumored to contain wealthy civilizations and spectacular cities.

In 1526 Montejo traveled to Grenada to petition the Spanish king & Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Carlos Quinto/Charles V) for permission to conquer and colonize Yucatan. His request was supported by Pánfilo de Narváez, another veteran conquistador. Montejo argued persuasively that Yucatan would serve as a center of trade for the region and enrich the Crown. His formal petition was submitted on November 19, 1526 and quickly approved by Charles and the Council of the Indies on December 8.
 
Montejo was appointed Adelantado (a civil and military governor of a province) of Yucatan, governor and captain general of the new province, and authorized to conquer, settle, and govern at his own expense. His titles and offices were to be held for life. His contract also stipulated that the principal objective of the Crown was to bring the indigenous peoples of the New World into the Catholic Church. The appropriate treatment of the Indians was carefully spelled out and Montejo was warned to adhere to the spirit and letter of these instructions. “Holy Roman Empire” emperor Carlos Quinto - Charles V, was a Black man, and did not want Americas Blacks to be mistreated. However Black defeat 100 years later at the “Thirty Years War” and the British Civil/Race Wars - Albinos call them "Civil" wars: left the Holy Roman Empire rulers powerless. Europe's Albinos took over, and went on a pillage and killing spree all over the Black world.



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The Holy Roman Empire

Charles V (spanish Carlos Quinto) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. He was heir to and then head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century.


The Inca accepted Charles as their last emperor, thus he is the last picture entry in the Inca "King List". To confirm Charles V (spanish Carlos Quinto) appearance, see the Inca king list. WARNING: do not use the list from the Brooklyn Museum - it is an Albino fake! As are most you will find.

The end of Black Rule

The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of  Habsburg & Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the Empire.

Since the Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Empire had been recognized by Western Europeans as the legitimate continuation of the ancient Roman Empire due to its emperors having been proclaimed as Roman emperors by the papacy.

The new country of Germany is founded
 
Germany was founded on January 18, 1871, by Albino Germanic's in the aftermath of three successful wars by the North German state of Prussia. Within a seven-year period Denmark, the Habsburg monarchy, and France were vanquished in short, decisive conflicts.
 
The Weimar Republic, officially named the German Reich ("German Empire"), was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.

On 30 January 1933, Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor to head a coalition government; Hitler's far-right Nazi Party held two out of ten cabinet seats. Von Papen, as Vice-Chancellor and Hindenburg's confidant, was to serve as the éminence grise who would keep Hitler under control; these intentions badly underestimated Hitler's political abilities.



Painting of Inca kings in the Larco museum, Lima peru

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Unlike the conquest of the Aztec Empire, which succumbed in only two years - that is - from 1519 when Hernán Cortés arrived to the Yucatan Peninsula - to 1521 when the Aztec capitol of Tenochtitlán fell.

It took the Spanish a very long time to defeat the Maya because unlike the Aztec in Mexico, and the Inca in Peru, the Maya were NOT a centralized Empire with ONE king, but rather, they were many City-States each with its own king, similar to the Phoenicians in the Levant and the Sumerians in Mesopotamia.


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The Mayans knew of the existence of Europeans as early as 1502, ten years after the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the American continent; when Bartolomé Colón, brother of Christopher Columbus, found himself in the Gulf of Honduras, which at the time was an unknown region to the Spanish, surrounded by canoes of Mayan merchants. In later years, several Spanish explorers passed the coast of the Yucatan but did not enter those lands. In 1511 the first Iberians (people of Spain/Portugal) arrived, but shipwrecked. When the soldier Gonzalo Guerrero, former priest Geronimo de Aguilar and other companions of his, reached the Mayan coasts after the shipwreck of their galleon, the only real survivors were Guerrero and Aguilar, who were left as Slaves of two Mayan rulers, since the others were sacrificed by indigenous priests.

Among the Maya, ambush was a favored tactic; in response to the use of Spanish cavalry, the highland Maya took to digging pits and lining them with wooden stakes. Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of flight into inaccessible regions such as the forest or joining neighboring Maya groups that had not yet submitted to the European conquerors.

Spanish weaponry included crossbows, firearms (including muskets, arquebuses and cannon), and war horses. Maya warriors fought with flint-tipped spears, bows and arrows, stones, and wooden swords with inset obsidian blades, and wore padded cotton armor to protect themselves. The Maya lacked key elements of Eastern technology such as a functional wheel, horses, iron, steel, and gunpowder.


Other reasons why the Spanish conquest of the Maya took so long:

a) Francisco de Montejo, "el Adelantado’s" (a title) unfamiliarity with the region.

b) The political organization of the Mayas in autonomous provinces, that is, the absence of a central power, a kingdom or an empire, as in the case of the Aztecs.
c) The actions of Gonzalo Guerrero, the shipwrecked Spanish soldier who became a Mayan when he married the daughter of the “cacique” to whom he served as a slave, and was then captain of that ruler’s armies and advised the other indigenous leaders militarily in the defense of their territory against the Spanish .
d) The definitive establishment of the first important Spanish political settlement, as the capital of the territory to be conquered, was the city of Merida in 1542, in charge was Francisco de Montejo “El Mozo”, son of the Adelantado. This was fifteen years after the arrival of the European conquerors to the Mayan area.
e) In the long process of the establishment of the Spanish dominion, the Adelantado founded and ordered to be established, in diverse places of the Yucatan Peninsula eight cities with the name of Salamanca, probably in honor of the city where apparently he was born.




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Mayan Slaves continued: The La Unión was on a trip to Havana in September 1861 when its boilers exploded and it sank off the once-important Yucatan port of Sisal. Sisal and henequen were fibers used in making rope, and were usually harvested by Mayas working in serf-like conditions on large plantations.


The institute said the identification was based on the physical remains of the wooden-hulled side-wheeler, whose timbers bore signs of fire and whose boilers had exploded. The location of the wreck also coincides with contemporary accounts of the accident, which killed half of the 80 crew members and 60 passengers aboard.

In October 1860, the La Unión had been caught in neighboring Campeche state taking aboard 29 Mayas, including children as young as seven. That trip was apparently prevented, but clearly that didn’t keep the ship from continuing its journeys, which also involved taking sisal fiber and paying passengers to Cuba. It was unclear if there were any Maya aboard on the ship’s last voyage; the records are unclear because the Mayas would probably have been listed as cargo, not as passengers, or the ship may have tried to conceal their presence.

Archaeologist Helena Barba Meinecke noted that captured Mayan combatants were frequently sent to Cuba, from where many never returned. “Each slave was sold to a middleman for 25 pesos, and they resold them in Havana for as much as 160 pesos, for men, and 120 pesos for women,” she said.

The Maya launched one of North America’s last Indigenous revolts in the lower Yucatan Peninsula in 1847, fighting against domination by white and mixed-race Mexicans who exploited them. The Mexican government fought the bloody rebellion with brutal repression, but couldn’t wipe out the last resistance until 1901.





Here are some other wars where Mexico's Albinos
and Albino mulattoes tried to exterminate Blacks.



The Yaqui Wars (400 years), were a series of armed conflicts between New Spain, and its successor state, the Mexican Republic, against the Yaqui Natives. The period began in 1533 and lasted until 1929.

The Mixtón War (1540-1542) (2 years) was a rebellion by the Caxcan people of northwestern Mexico against the Spanish conquerors. The war was named after Mixtón, a hill in Zacatecas which served as an Indigenous stronghold.

The Chichimeca War (1550–90) (40 years) was a military conflict between the Spanish Empire and the Chichimeca Confederation established in the territories today known as the Central Mexican Plateau, called by the Conquistadores La Gran Chichimeca. The epicenter of the hostilities was the region now called the Bajío.

The Apache–Mexico Wars, (300 + years) or the Mexican Apache Wars, refer to the conflicts between Spanish or Mexican forces and the Apache peoples. The wars began in the 1600s with the arrival of Spanish colonists in present-day New Mexico. War between the Mexicans and the Apache was especially intense from 1831 into the 1850s. Thereafter, Mexican operations against the Apache coincided with the Apache Wars of the United States, such as during the Victorio Campaign. Mexico continued to operate against hostile Apache bands as late as 1915.

The Acaxee Rebellion (6 years) was an insurrection against Spanish rule in Mexico by Acaxee Indians, in 1601. The Acaxee attempt to expel the Spanish from their lands, regain their independence, and retain their traditional culture which was threatened by forced labor and Jesuit missionaries imposed upon them by the Spanish. They killed about 50 Spaniards and shut down silver mining operations in their territory for two years. In 1603, a Spanish army with Indian allies defeated the Acaxee and captured and executed most of their leaders. Subsequent smallpox epidemics killed most of the surviving Acaxee.

The Tepehuán Revolt (4 years) broke out in Mexico in 1616 when the Tepehuán Indians attempted to break free from Spanish rule. The revolt was crushed by 1620 after a large loss of life

The Pueblo Revolt (12 years) of 1680, also known as Popé's Rebellion or Popay's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger than present-day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. The Spaniards reconquered New Mexico twelve years later.

Pablo (originally Pabru) Presbere (1670? -1710) was an indigenous king of the community of Suinse, in the region that is now known as Talamanca, in the south-east of Costa Rica. He is remembered as the indigenous leader who led the aboriginal insurrection in "Tierra Adentro" (an area on the Talamanca mountain range) against the Spanish authorities on September 29, 1709, in the course of which several friars and soldiers and the wife of one of these were killed and fourteen temples erected by the missionaries were set ablaze. The rebellion was supported by all the natives of Costa Rica from Cerro Chirripó to Isla Tojar, in Almirante Bay, Panama, with the exception of the Viceitas, and allowed the aboriginals to regain control of the territory of Talamanca, which became a refuge area during the colonial period of Costa Rica. After some initial success, the authorities in Cartago launched a retaliatory expedition. Talamanca and its allies were defeated and the leaders executed.

Tzeltal Rebellion (1 year) In 1712, a number of Maya communities in the Soconusco region of Chiapas rose in rebellion, in what is known as the Tzeltal Rebellion or Tzendal Rebellion. It was a multiethnic revolt, with 32 towns of Tzeltal (14), Tzotzil (15), and Chol (3) indigenous peoples participating in it. The indigenous renounced the authority of the Catholic hierarchy and established a priesthood of indigenous men. There was widespread military mobilization of indigenous men, who called themselves “soldiers of the Virgin.”

The Pima Revolt (1 year), also known as the O'odham Uprising or the Pima Outbreak, was a revolt of Pima native Americans in 1751 against colonial forces in Spanish Arizona and one of the major northern frontier conflicts in early New Spain.
The revolt culminated from decades of violence by the local Spanish settlers against Indians beginning in 1684. The period was characterized by local Indians' gradual loss of autonomy and territory. Treaties allowing the Spanish to mine and herd on Native lands led to an influx of new settlers; by 1760 Hispanos had become a substantial presence in the present-day American Southwest. However, the colonial province of Sonora was characterized by a larger native population, and more frequent conflict between them and the Spaniards. The Pima Indian Revolt was directly preceded by the Seri Revolt of Seri Indians in Sonora.

Pima native Americans

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The Totonicapán Uprising of 1820 was an uprising of indigenous Maya peoples (K'iche') against the Spanish Empire that occurred in Totonicapán, located in the western highlands of Guatemala. The revolt was in response to the excessive tribute demanded by the colonial authorities, and managed to establish a short lived breakaway state in Totonicapán with a free indigenous government. The rebellion was concurrent with the independence of Central America and other Latin American wars of independence.

The Texas–Indian wars (55 years) were a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Southern Plains Indians during the 19th-century. Conflict between the Plains Indians and the Spanish began before other European and Anglo-American settlers were encouraged—first by Spain and then by the newly Independent Mexican government—to colonize Texas in order to provide a protective-settlement buffer in Texas between the Plains Indians and the rest of Mexico. As a consequence, conflict between Anglo-American settlers and Plains Indians occurred during the Texas colonial period as part of Mexico. The conflicts continued after Texas secured its independence from Mexico in 1836 and did not end until 30 years after Texas became a state of the United States, when in 1875 the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma.

The Comanche–Mexico Wars (49 years) was the Mexican theater of the Comanche Wars, a series of conflicts from 1821 to 1870. The Comanche and their Kiowa and Kiowa Apache allies carried out large-scale raids hundreds of miles deep into Mexico killing thousands of people and stealing hundreds of thousands of cattle and horses. The Comanche raids were sparked by the declining military capability of Mexico during the turbulent years after it gained independence in 1821, as well as a large and growing market in the United States for stolen Mexican horses and cattle.
When the US Army invaded northern Mexico in 1846 during the Mexican–American War, the region was devastated. The largest Comanche raids into Mexico took place from 1840 to the mid-1850s, after which they declined in size and intensity. The Comanche were finally defeated by the United States Army in 1875 and forced onto a reservation.

The Chumash revolt of 1824 was an uprising of the Chumash Native Americans against the Spanish and Mexican presence in their ancestral lands. The rebellion began in 3 of the California Missions in Alta California: Mission Santa Inés, Mission Santa Barbara, and Mission La Purisima, and spread to the surrounding villages. All three missions are located in present-day Santa Barbara County, California. The Chumash revolt was the largest organized resistance movement to occur during the Spanish and Mexican periods in California.


The Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1915) - We have an in-depth account of this war below.






Mayan Murals and the theft of our

Black identity and history by our Albinos


  Lets begin by explaining just who these
"White Skinned People" (Albinos) are and where they came from.



Background:


This is a BBC Article - Early humans' route out of Africa 'confirmed'
BBC News - 2 November 2011

route
 

A six-year effort to map the genetic patterns of humankind appears to confirm that early people first left Africa by crossing into Arabia. Ancestors of modern people in Europe, Asia and Oceania migrated along a southern route, not a northern route through Egypt as some had supposed. The results from the Genographic Project are published in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution.

It suggests an important role for South Asia in the peopling of the world. The ancestors of present-day non-African people left their ancestral homeland some 70,000 years ago. The researchers found that Indian populations had more genetic diversity - which gives an indication of the age of a population - than either Europeans or East Asians.

This supports the idea that pioneering settlers followed a southern coastal route as they populated east Asia and continued into Oceania. "This suggests that other fields of research such as archaeology and anthropology should look for additional evidence on the migration route of early humans," said co-author Ajay Royyuru, senior manager at IBM's Computational Biology Center, which was involved in analysing the study data.

A route out of Africa via the Arabian Peninsula, along the southern coast of Asia, explained the observed patterns in genetic diversity much better than a route through Egypt's Sinai desert. This agrees with other evidence showing that sea levels might have been low enough around 60-70,000 years ago for humans to cross from the horn of Africa into Arabia via the Bab-el-Mandeb straits in the Red Sea.

Also included with the second (OOA - out of Africa migration group) were Albinos who were probably motivated by a quest for relief from the heat and burning Sunshine of southern Africa - and relief from the torment heaped upon them by normal Africans. Even today, superstitious Blacks of southern Africa maim and mutilate Albinos in the ignorant belief that their body parts process magical properties, which they use in rituals.


Creation of our Albinos >>>


This is how our Albinos
(White People) are made.

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However, the Albinos finding India not much better than Africa, at some point, decided to head further north. They found a pass through the Hindu Kush mountain range, now called the "The Khyber Pass" they passed through it, and entered the grasslands (Steppes) of Central Asia, where they settled. It seems logical to assume that over the many thousands of years that it took for these migrants to reach northern Asia, and their close proximity there, that there would have been some interbreeding between the Mongols and the Albinos; which probably allowed the Albinos to gain some fixed degree of pigmentation.

Proof of this admixture, is in the fact that Whites and Mongols (Chinese), both share the same founding Y-DNA haplogroup "K". Which seems to have evolved during their migration to northern Asia, but while they were still in Southern Asia. Haplogroup "K" is not found in Africa - of course the founding haplogroup of "K" is found in Africa. Also, as we know from everyday life, the product of Black and White mating, often has a slight Yellow hue to the complexion, ergo Mongols are called the "Yellow Race". It is also in Central Asia where the Albinos (through inbreeding with each other) created their own race - "The White Race".

Here is how the Romans (who were a BLACK people) described the incoming Albino Germanics. The Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus (56-118 A.D.) said this about the Germanic tribes: All have fierce blue eyes, red hair (all recessive traits - i.e. Albinism), huge frames fit only for sudden exertion.

RH comment: we observe Albinos making quite a fuss about "Blue Eyes, Blonde/Red Hair, White Skin;" some even marry/mate for these traits, which leads us to believe that most Albinos don't know that they are Albinos, and that those traits are symptoms of their disease. Aside from the immediate effects of the Sun for Albinos: Sunburn & Heatstroke, there is the insidious long term danger of Skin Cancer.


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    Israel Cancer Association                                                                                          Israel used to be one of the countries with the highest rates of skin cancer in the world. According to the ICA, up to date data shows that Israel has dropped from ranking third in cases of skin cancer. Israel now ranks in 13th place for men, and 20th place for women, which is a huge improvement.

The ICA has invested in a Skin Cancer Awareness Campaign to increase awareness and educating the public. They have emphasized how important it is to avoid the sun in the hottest hours of the day and to take measures to protect the skin when being in the sun. Early diagnosis is also essential, which is why it is advised to see a dermatologist every year to screen for the disease.


Albinos the world over should remember the caution by Mississippi's Rebels i.e. Confederate States of America - Mississippi Secession. Quote: our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin.


The Confederate States lost, but Albinos keep stealing Black lands,
and Mother Nature says that there is always a price to pay for stealing another's property;
Except if you are the Turks of Saudi Arabia and you don't mind doing THIS!

Spend your entire life covered from head to toe when outside.

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These are not Muslim Robes, they are Turkish robes. only Albino Muslims in Hot Sunny formerly Black lands wear them. Their purpose is to protect those Albino invaders from the Sun, otherwise the Sun would kill them.

Indonesia is the largest Muslim Country in the World. Muslims in Indonesia are not required to wear the Turkish robes of Arabia. The Chinese Invaders there have done well with captured Black lands too. Just not as well as the Turks in Arabia.



Ancient Indonesia

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Unknown Buddhist

There were many kingdoms in Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago, since about 500 A.D. they were Buddhist Kingdoms. And like many Black populations, they eventually created great Civilizations with great Cities and Monuments.

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Today, the native people of Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago have been forced back into what amounts to the "Stone Age".

Meanwhile their Chinese Conquers and their Mulattoes live "High-on-the-Hog". Indonesian history is very complicated. Suffice to say that the Albino Dutch first took absolute control of the country, others followed, including Japan and the U.S. It was the Chinese immigrants who fought the Dutch for control of the Country.

The Dutch colonials formed a privileged upper social class of soldiers, administrators, managers, teachers, and pioneers. They lived together with the "natives", but at the top of a rigid social and racial caste system.

The Dutch East Indies had two legal classes of citizens; European and indigenous. A third class, Foreign Easterners, was added in 1920. The Chinese seem to have continued the Dutch system, only not showing such blatant Racism.


As of today, the major conflict between the Chinese, their Mulattoes (both Asian and European), and native Blacks, is the war for freedom and independence being fought against the Indonesian foreigners by the Natives of Papua Western New Guinea.

How grotesque is that? Conquering foreigners trying to stop natural natives from leaving their control.

As should be expected, the Albino Europeans have supplied the Indonesian military with all manner of modern weaponry, including U.S. F-16s. The Papuans have little chance, but like all Freedom Fighters, they will probably carry on.
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Papuan Freedom Fighters with their "Morning Star" flag.
Papuan protest in Netherlands

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Papuan protest in Melbourne Australia



Back to Arabs and Turks:

Compare how the Turk above is dressed, to how "Real" Arabs dress (below).
They seem to have no fear of the Sun.
 
Must have something to do with their Black skin


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Originally there were three basic Human phenotypes; 
(Phenotypes not Races - only one race at that time)

Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid - all originally Black.



Negroid Caucasoid (Dravidian of India)
Mongoloid

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Over time, some cells in all of them Mutated, and they all produced Albinos.


Negroid
Albino

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Caucasoid
Albino

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Mongoloid
Albino

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This, and worst, is what happens to Albinos
 in the heat and Sun of Africa and India (skin cancer).



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Article from Science magazine: 
"How Europeans evolved white skin." Apr. 2015 by Ann Gibbons.



Quote: Most of us think of Europe as the ancestral home of white people. But a new study shows that pale skin arrived in most of the continent relatively recently. The work, presented here last week at the 84th annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, offers dramatic evidence of recent evolution in Europe and shows that most modern Europeans don't look much like those of 8000 years ago.

The Yamnaya pastoralists who came from the steppes 4800 years ago lacked the version of the LCT gene that allows adults to digest sugars in milk. It wasn't until about 4300 years ago that lactose tolerance swept through Europe. When it comes to skin color, the team found a patchwork of evolution in different places, and three separate genes that produce light skin, telling a complex story for how European's skin evolved to be much lighter during the past 8000 years. The modern humans who came out of Africa to originally settle Europe about 40,000 years are presumed to have had dark skin, which is advantageous in sunny latitudes. And the new data confirm that about 8500 years ago, early hunter-gatherers in Spain, Luxembourg, and Hungary also had darker skin: They lacked versions of two genes—SLC24A5 and SLC45A2—that lead to depigmentation and, therefore, pale skin in Europeans today.

SLC24A5 - Mutations in this gene are a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 6.
SLC45A2 - Mutations in this gene are a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 4.

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Most Europeans are either type 2 (the most common) or type 1 Albinos.
The following table shows the mutated genes
which causes their Albinism.

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Apologies to all of you unfortunate enough to have actually read the text for OCA2 on the left. Quote: African individuals may have yellow hair and blue, gray or hazel eyes. We know that statement likely had you Blonde's with  blue, hazel or green eyes going berserk, yelling: What! I'm a Nigger??

He, he, you wish; actually what happened is that the Wiki crew got the Albino definitions from (OMIM) Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man website of  Johns Hopkins University. And as usual with the scientific community, they are sometimes in-artful with language.

Relax Dravidian derived Central Asian Albinos, your last Black Skinned Ancestor was likely a thousand years or more ago.


This is what "Modern" Blacks with FULL or PARTIAL Albinism look like.


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And as we all know, our Albinos (who have no history of their own - they have existed for only about 6,000-12,000 years); their guesstimate not ours.

Albinos are consistent with their habit of portraying ancient Blacks as Albinos like themselves; and when even the biggest fool wouldn't believe it, they use their own Albino Mulattoes (like those above) as their stand-ins.



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"How Europeans evolved white skin" Continued: The origins of Europeans have come into sharp focus in the past year as researchers have sequenced the genomes of ancient populations, rather than only a few individuals. By comparing key parts of the DNA across the genomes of 83 ancient individuals from archaeological sites throughout Europe, the international team of researchers reported earlier this year that Europeans today are a mix of the blending of at least three ancient populations of hunter-gatherers and farmers who moved into Europe in separate migrations over the past 8000 years. The study revealed that a massive migration of Yamnaya herders from the steppes north of the Black Sea may have brought Indo-European languages to Europe about 4500 years ago. [Realhistoryww reckons that the first Central Asian Albinos of unknown name, arrived in Europe circa 3,500 years ago, followed by those whose names are known, the Germanics, Slavs, and finally by the Turks].

Def. The Yamnaya culture also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE. The Pontic steppe is the western part of the "Eurasian Steppe".

Def. The Eurasian Steppe is a belt of grassland that extends some 5,000 miles (8,000 km) from Hungary in the west through Ukraine and Central Asia to Manchuria in the east. Mountain ranges interrupt the steppe, dividing it into distinct segments, but horsemen could cross such barriers easily, so that steppe peoples could and did interact across the entire breadth of the Eurasian grassland throughout most of recorded history. Note: these people are credited with Domesticating  the "Horse" and inventing" Trousers or Pants" which made riding a Horse easier.


The Scythians


As we have said to Gov. DeSantis of Florida; hiding history is no solution for protecting your children from the truth of history. The story of the Scythians is a truer and clearer example of Albinos exiting Central Asia.

According to Unterländer et al. (2017), all Iron Age Scythian Steppe nomads can best be described as a mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian-related component, which most closely corresponds to the modern North Siberian Nganasan people of the lower Yenisey River, to varying degrees, but generally higher among Eastern Scythians.


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Scythia, also known as Pontic Scythia, was a kingdom created by the Scythians during the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C. in the Pontic–Caspian steppe.
The Pontic Scythian kingdom was formed as a result of the migration of the Scythians, an ancient people from Central Asia into the Caucasian Steppe during the 9th to 8th centuries B.C, after which the Scythians conquered the Pontic Steppe during the 8th to 7th centuries B.C, with their Pontic possessions being an extension of their kingdom of the steppes.
 
After a period of successful expansion into West Asia during the 7th to 6th centuries B.C, the Scythians were expelled from this region by the Medes/Persians, after which they retreated into the Pontic Steppe and consolidated into the Pontic Scythian kingdom during the 6th century B.C.


This page was suppose to be about Mayan Art and Culture,
that is until we ran across the Canadian Museum of History website.

Like most people, we always considered the Canadians to be less
racist and more thoughtful than the average Albino. Well, maybe not! 



These two Albino Mulattoes are suppose to represent
Ancient Mayans according to
the Canadian Museum of History.        

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These Albino Mulattoes are suppose to represent
modern Mayans according to
 
the Canadian Museum of History

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Terminology explained: for many Americans, the term “mixed race” brings to mind a biracial experience of having one parent black and another white, or perhaps one white and the other Asian. The term mestizo means mixed in Spanish, and is generally used throughout Latin America to describe people of mixed ancestry with a white European and an indigenous background. Similarly, the term “mulatto” – mulato in Spanish – commonly refers to a mixed-race ancestry that includes white European and black African roots.

The problem is that those terms are a part of the Albinos scheme to confuse the ethnicity of the great American Civilizations: the Maya, Inca, and Aztec. As we have shown, the Americas were settled by Blacks from Africa 130-150,000 years ago; it was they who created the great civilizations of the Americas. They were followed by Mongols from Asia about 12,000 years ago.

The Uros is the name of a group of pre-Incan people who live on 41 self-fashioned floating man-made islets located in Lake Titicaca. The Uros use the Junko or Totora reeds to make boats (balsas mats) of bundled dried reeds as well as to make the islands themselves. As you can see, the Uros were originally Black Skinned, but today many of them are mixed with Albinos. See the problem? Mestizo means mixed with Albino and an indigenous person: but Mongols and Blacks are BOTH indigenous! That is why we say “Albino Mulatto” to indicate that they have NO Black blood vis-a-vis native Americans.


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Black Uros Women
Albino Mulatto Uros girls; look Han Chinese - don't they?





Here is how the Albinos use their power over media to fool the ignorant:

Google question - Why are Mayans so SHORT?



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SHORT!......REALLY???


Here is how The "Public Broadcasting Service"
(PBS) channel 13, answered the question.


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When we see Albino lies spread by "Official Entities" like this:
(PBS is Government funded). We can't help but wonder if the Albinos
are rolling around on the floor laughing; we got the Niggers Again!

Everyone is going to think that those White Mulattoes
of Mongol extraction are Mayans!








Here is how it gets worst



Well Black people, are you properly outraged, or at least surprised, that supposed Albino educational institution's would lie to you like that?  Well don't be, it gets even worst. You see because the Maya are very old, second only to the Olmec in age, by the time the Albinos arrived the Maya had been producing ART and other trappings of their civilization for over 2,000 years. Some of these things were buried deep in Pyramids, Palaces, and Temples, so that when the Albinos tried to destroy all evidences of their Black Civilization, only those readily apparent things could be destroyed.


That is what happened in Britain, there the degenerate Thomas Cromwell destroyed 97% of the English ART then in existence. There is a Newspaper article about it in the Telegraph, 22 Jan. 2015.  But Albinos being Albinos, they won't tell you that the point was to destroy all evidence of their Black People and Black Rulers, Cromwell may well have been the first degenerate Albino.

If the Egyptians had not been Pyramid and Temple builders, and placed some of their ART in these structures, like the Maya did, then the history of their greatness and Blackness would also have been destroyed.

Unfortunately for the Aztec and the Inca, their Civilizations were relatively young:  Aztec 1200s A.D, Inca 1100s A.D. Their ART and the trappings of their Civilizations were readily apparent, making it easy for the Albinos to grab them and destroy them. (see the story of Spanish Franciscan Priest and Bishop of Yucatán, Diego de Landa, below).

Above you saw how Albino Educational Institutions play their part in fooling you,  but it gets worst, how about the U.S. government in the entity of the Library of Congress! The Library of Congress (U.S.A.) puts out material called "Country Studies". It is intended for diplomats to familiarize themselves with new country assignments. Here is what it says about Ecuador.

Quote: Between 1544 and 1563, Ecuador was an integral part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, having no administrative status independent of Lima. It remained a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1720, when it joined the newly created Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada; within the viceroyalty, however, Ecuador was awarded its own audiencia in 1563, allowing it to deal directly with Madrid on certain matters.


Continued: The coastal lowlands north of Manta were conquered, not by the Spanish, but by blacks from the Guinean coast who, as slaves, were shipwrecked en route from Panama to Peru in 1570. The blacks killed or enslaved the native males and married the females, and within a generation they constituted a population of zambos (mixed black and Indian) that resisted Spanish authority until the end of the century and afterwards managed to retain a great deal of political and cultural independence.

JUST ONE PROBLEM WITH THAT PARTICULAR ALBINO LIE  - THERE IS NO WAY TO SAIL FROM THE EAST COAST OF PANAMA  (where slaves were landed)  TO THE COAST OF ECUADOR!!

THE REASON? ECUADOR IS ON THE "PACIFIC" COAST OF THE AMERICAS! THERE WAS "NO" PANAMA CANAL THEN! NO AFRICANS WERE "EVER" LANDED ON THE WESTERN/PACIFIC COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA, or NORTH AMERICA! THE REASON IS VERY SIMPLE, BECAUSE IT WOULD TAKE MONTHS TO SAIL FROM AFRICA, AROUND SOUTH AMERICA, THEN BACK UP TO ECUADOR OR OTHER COUNTRIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.


Europeans had to hike through the Jungles to reach the Pacific Coast,
if they tried that with African Slaves in tow, none of them
(Europeans) would reach the other side ALIVE!




The Slave Voyages Consortium Database; Slave Voyages Map.
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This is a map of ALL voyages to transport African Slaves to new destinations.
Note that the West/Pacific Coast of the Americas is totally and completely devoid of African Slave Landings.
The Pacific Coast countries of South America are: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile. No African Slaves were ever landed in any of them! See the pictures of Native Black Americans below.




THIS PAINTING OF INCA NOBLES IS WHAT
CAUSED THE ALBINOS TO CREATE THAT LIE.



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Albinos even tried to make us believe that
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS were Albinos like them!



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Thankfully - The Albinos no longer try to claim that ancient Egyptians were Albinos
because with the Egyptians we have Black "Mummies" which can be studied.



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Submitted January 8, 2002; revised May 4, 2004; accepted August 12, 2004

Abstract

During an excavation headed by the German Institute for Archaeology, Cairo, at the tombs of the nobles in Thebes-West, Upper Egypt, three types of tissues from different mummies were sampled to compare 13 well known rehydration methods for mummified tissue with three newly developed methods.
                                                                     
                                         Analysis of the Mummies Skin
Skin sections showed particularly good tissue preservation, although cellular outlines were never distinct. Although much of the epidermis had already separated from the dermis, the remaining epidermis often was preserved well (Fig. 1). The basal epithelial cells were packed with melanin as expected for specimens of Negroid origin.



Albinos can't do this.

(Out in the Egyptian Sun "Bare-skinned")


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This is Albinos asking supposed expert Albinos about that which Albino experts always lie about.

Google question: what happened to the ancient Mayans.

Answer by History.com: Scholars have suggested a number of potential reasons for the downfall of Maya civilization in the southern lowlands, including overpopulation, environmental degradation, warfare, shifting trade routes and extended drought. It's likely that a complex combination of factors was behind the collapse.

Other Google questions:

What happened to the Mayans did they disappear?

Do the ancient Mayans still exist?

When did Mayans disappear?

What wiped out the Mayans?

Answer by the Public Broadcasting Service: (PBS)

In addition to North America's Native American populations, the Mayan and Incan civilizations were also nearly wiped out by smallpox. And other European diseases, such as measles and mumps, which also took substantial tolls, altogether, reducing some indigenous populations in the new world by 90 percent or more.


Who but lying American educators would produce such stupidly and lies.

The story generations of American Albinos tell to cover up the atrocities committed against Black native Americas is just plain stupid. Consider the ridiculous assertion that indigenous Americans were wiped-out by "European Diseases" that they had no immunity for. It is a testament to Albino collusion that never has any Albino medical professional come forward and said the truth: initially NO ONE has immunity from a disease. Immunity is developed only AFTER you have gotten, and SURVIVED, a particular disease.

A diseases ability to infect humans is tempered by each individuals body chemistry, that limiting effect is quantified by the diseases R0 (as a percent).
When trying to determine how quickly an infection can spread in an outbreak, researchers use its reproduction number. Also known as R-naught (R0), it shows the average number of people that one infected person can pass the illness to. The flu has a R0 of 1. So, an infected person would get one other person sick.
Polio has historically been one of the most feared diseases in history: YET 95% OF THE PEOPLE INFECTED WITH POLIO NEVER "GET" POLIO!

For measles, R0 is often cited to be 12-18, which means that each person with measles would, on average, infect 12-18 other people in a totally susceptible population. Thus, ANYONE from ANYWHERE, if they have not had Measles or a Measles vaccine, they WILL likely get sick if exposed to the Measles virus - Ditto Smallpox and all other diseases. And just as these diseases killed SOME EUROPEANS, they would of course also kill SOME indigenous Americans, OR Africans, OR Australians, OR Asians, OR Pacificans, OR ANYONE!

But since those diseases DID NOT kill off 80-90% of the European population, or 80-90% of the African population, or 80-90% of the Australian population, or 80-90% of the the Asian population, or 80-90% of ANY population: We can confidently conclude that the claim that those diseases killed off 80-90% of the indigenous Black American population is a vile Albino lie, contrived to cover up the brutal murder of millions of American people.

 
And oh, by the way, as it turns out, Blacks have the LEAST susceptibility to disease of all Humans.
So clearly, the story that diseases killed the original Americans, was just one of many Albino lies!

 
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As readers will see as they continue their education, the Albinos have tried all manner of ways to kill-off Blacks or intimidate them "EVERYWHERE". Clearly, some of them (Albinos) are simply so damaged that they can't help but murder and steal. You know that when even priests are mass murders, then they are truly  hopeless; (see the story of Spanish Franciscan priest and bishop of Yucatán, Diego de Landa, below).



The following photos are modern reminders of just how degenerate some Albinos can get.
See the lack of intelligence apparent on their faces, then note the expressions of hatred on
their faces and alternately, the
"Animalistic" looks of glee
on their faces when people are
Cruelly killed. Thankfully, not all Albinos are that way, but many are.




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When murder is not an option, Albinos use the Lie as a weapon against Blacks. The United States Census Bureau is totally responsible for informing the United States government and people about who they are and where they are going as a nation, and helping communities determine where to build everything from schools to supermarkets, and from homes to hospitals. It helps the government decide how to distribute funds and assistance to states and localities. Every year, the Census Bureau publishes population estimates and demographic components of change, such as births, deaths, and migration. This data can be sorted by characteristics such as age, sex, and race, as well as by national, state, and county location.


With that much information and power, is it any wonder
that Albinos use the Census Bureau to give Blacks a
false idea as to their numbers and thus their Political Power.



United States Census

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Of course, trusting the Albino peoples pronouncements about how
many of their feared and perhaps hated, competitors (Blacks) there are,
is just plain stupid.  Put the facts together and figure the numbers out yourself!


Pew Research Center survey data

This year, 54% of white registered voters identify as Republican or lean toward the GOP, while just 39% affiliate with the Democratic Party or lean Democratic. While that represents only a modest shift since 2012, when Republicans led by a 12-point margin (52%-40%), in 2008 leaned partisan alignment among whites was closely divided (46% Republican, 44% Democratic). The current 15-point GOP edge in leaned partisan affiliation is as wide an advantage for the Republican Party among white voters as Pew Research Center has measured over the past 24 years. (RH Comment - Having a Black President really pissed them off)!

2008 - Obama's total count of 69.5 million votes stood as the largest tally ever won by a presidential candidate until 2020, when this was surpassed by both major party candidates in a high-turnout election. Blacks came out and so did the Albinos - Blacks still won.

2020 - Joe Biden received 81,283,501 (51.3%) and Trump 74,223,975 (46.8%).  Having a Black on the ticket is a sure winner.

According to the Albinos they are 75.8% of the U.S. Population. 251,656,000
According to the Albinos Blacks are 13.6% of the U.S. Population. 45,152,000

251,656,000 divided by 45,152,000 = 5.57
This means that there are 5.57 Albinos in the U.S. For every Black person!

That means that 4 out of 5.5 Albinos could stay home and they would still defeat the Black supported candidate.

Question: if thats true, WHY couldn't they beat Obama?

Better Question:  if thats true WHY do they need to enact laws to suppress the Black Vote?

Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law

Quote: As of May 4, at least 34 bills with restrictive provisions are moving through 11 state legislatures. Overall, lawmakers in 39 states have considered at least 393 restrictive bills for the 2022 legislative session. Since the beginning of 2021, 18 states have passed 34 restrictive voting laws, which can disproportionately affect voters of color.


Obviously, like their version of history, Albino numbers and statistics are a Lie!


Speaking of Lies & the Trump people, don't you giggle with the lies and shenanigans of Trump Republicans;
believing that like little children, they're doing and saying outrageous things just to get a rise out of everyone? 



Well you would be wrong, some of them
really believe that shit - to the death!


Family found dead in Pennsylvania made a 'joint decision' to kill themselves, police say

NBC Universal

Daniella Silva

February 3, 2023, 5:19 PM

A Pennsylvania family found shot dead in their backyard last week in what police say appears to be a suicide pact, included a mother and daughter who loved bowling and were devout Christian conservatives, people who knew them said.

Morgan Daub, 26, and her parents, James Daub, 62, and Deborah Daub, 59, were found dead on the ground in the backyard of their home in York County, Pennsylvania, on the morning of Jan. 25, after police responded to a request for a welfare check from a neighbor.


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The West Manchester Township Police Department has since said that notes left inside the house indicate that the family recently made a "joint decision" to end their lives. Police believe Deborah Daub shot and killed her husband and then was shot and killed by Morgan, who died by suicide. Police said there were no signs of forced entry or struggle and no evidence that anyone else had been present.

An investigation into the deaths has been closed.

People who knew the family expressed shock and heartbreak at the deaths. Morgan was described by members of the local bowling community as a shy, quiet young woman who was close with her mother and also a talented and avid bowler until she and her mother suddenly stopped visiting bowling stores and alleys in the area a few years ago, around the start of the pandemic.

“Morgan didn’t have a lot of words to say,” said Bret Stabley, who operates the pro shop at Bowlers Supply in York, Pennsylvania, where the mother and daughter were longtime customers. Stabley said he believed Morgan, whom he described as “very meek and quiet” but also “very bright,” was homeschooled and her mother often spoke on her behalf.

Stabley said he gave Morgan many bowling lessons over the years, and she became more sociable as she grew older. She was also “quite a good bowler,” he said.

Stabley said the Christian, churchgoing family “was never shy about letting anybody know what their beliefs were” when it came to religion and politics. Morgan and Deborah “very, very huge” supporters of former President Donald Trump, Stabley said.

“They were just so hell-bent on Trump winning, like this could be in the end if he doesn’t,” Stabley said, referring to an instance when he saw them just before the 2020 election. He said he stopped seeing the two after that.

A neighbor, who asked to remain anonymous for fear of personal or professional retaliation in their town, said the family had a "preoccupation with religion, especially on the dad’s part." The family's front yard was also "littered" with Pro-Trump political signs during the elections, and anti-abortion signs when Roe v. Wade was overturned, the neighbor said.

https://www.aol.com/news/family-found-dead-pennsylvania-made-231909928.html




As to us native Blacks of the Americas;
Albino media won't show us;
But we're still here - by the hundreds of millions.





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Carnival in Belize


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Bird man, from the Mayan "Battle Mural" in Cacaxtla's palace


Look familiar?

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Carnival in Belize



Remember the Viceroyalty of New Granada from above?
As a reminder this was its Racial and Slavery makeup.

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It was made up of the following modern Countries: 
Ecuador, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela.

Pretty much "No" Black Slaves; So if the Albinos are not lying, who are these Black people and where did they come from??



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As a reminder; only 366,033
Africans were landed in North America.


Some U.S. Blacks

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The Black population of the United States is easily
100 million (100,000,000).
This from 366,033 African Slaves?




Albinos as the creators.

As an aside: imagine the desperation of Albinos to create a history for themselves, where they will ignore obvious common sense facts in order to assert a reality that could not possibly exist. Albinos living in Egypt, Israel, Persia, Arabia, Spain, Italy, Greece, etc. know that without complete clothing they would soon die from the effects of the Sun. And they certainly could not "FARM" to feed themselves.
Yet they continue to insist that Albinos like themselves were the creators of "Civilization". Well, below is a list of the "REAL" creators of Civilization, see if you can find some Albinos.

Wiki: Scholarship generally identifies six areas where civilization emerged independently;

1) Fertile Crescent, incl. Mesopotamia (Tigris–Euphrates Valley) and the Levant. The ancient city of Jericho, since 9,000 B.C. [Space is precious here - so much to include - but this bit of Albino lie and stupidity MUST be addressed. From Wikipedia: Jericho is a Palestinian city in the West Bank. It is located in the Jordan Valley, with the Jordan River to the east and Jerusalem to the west. Be advised, Jericho is perhaps the OLDEST City in the world, from 9,000 B.C. Like the Jews in Israel, Palestinians are a "Turkish" people recently from Asia]. Fertile Crescent, incl. Mesopotamia (Tigris–Euphrates Valley) and the Levant - continued: Sumerians, before 4,100 B.C. Anatolia, Gobekli Tepe - Hilltop sanctuary, 11,500 B.C.

2) Nile Valley (Egypt and Meroë/Sudan). The Badari culture - before 4,400 B.C.
3) Indo-Gangetic Plain - Indus Valley civilization, India. Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa cultures c. 4,000 B.C.
4) Andean Coast - Caral and Norte Chico civilization,  Peru. Circa 9,210 B.C.
5) Mesoamerican Gulf Coast - Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica.
This is what Britannica says - Olmec - the first elaborate pre-Columbian civilization of Mesoamerica (c. 1200–400 B.C.). Most  experts acknowledge the Olmec as being the oldest civilization in the Americas, yet they are dating the Mayan as 2,000 B.C.
6) North China Plain -  The Yangshao culture - China. (5,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C.) [These were Black Jomon and Shang people] not Mulatto Han (Chinese).


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The Han dynasty
was founded in 206 B.C. by Liu Bang, who led the revolt against the repressive policies of the preceding Qin dynasty and became the Gaozu emperor (reigned 206–195 B.C.).


The Han Chinese or Han people
, are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the worlds population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive varieties of the Chinese language.

The estimated 1.4 billion Han Chinese people worldwide are primarily concentrated in the People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau), where they make up about 92% of the total population. In Taiwan, they make up about 97% of the population.

No sign, not even a hint, of Albinos/Whites; whatever you want to call them - anywhere.
So how does a good racist Albino boy handle that rather disappointing knowledge? Hide it!




Gov. Ron DeSantis of Florida, and the governors and legislators of 44 States know the truth.  That is why since January 2021, 44 states have introduced bills or taken other steps that would restrict teaching critical race theory or limit how teachers can discuss racism and sexism, according to an Education Week analysis. Eighteen states have imposed these bans and restrictions either through legislation or other avenues.

Note: Woke is an adjective derived from African-American Vernacular
English meaning "alert to racial prejudice and discrimination".

 
In 2022, with the support of Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis, the Florida state legislature adopted a law known as the “Stop W.O.K.E. Act.," the acronym standing for "Wrong to our Kids and Employees.” The bill was also known as the Individual Freedom Act (IFA). The law prohibited teaching or instruction that “espouses, promotes, advances, inculcates, or compels” students or employees to believe any of eight concepts. 
The Law prohibits teaching certain concepts related to race: The prohibited teachings were that:

1) Members of one race, color, national origin, or sex are morally superior to members of another race, color, national origin, or sex. 
2) A person by virtue of his or her race, color, national origin, or sex is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. 
3) A person’s moral character or status as either privileged or oppressed is necessarily determined by his or her race, color, national origin, or sex. 
4) Members of one race, color, national origin, or sex cannot and should not attempt to treat others without respect to race, color, national origin, or sex. 
5) A person, by virtue of his or her race, color, national origin, or sex bears responsibility for, or should be discriminated against or receive adverse treatment because of actions committed in the past by other members of the same race, color, national origin, or sex. 
6) A person, by virtue of his or her race, color, national origin, or sex should be discriminated against or received adverse treatment to achieve diversity, equity, or inclusion. 
7) A person, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, bears personal responsibility for and must feel guilt, anguish or other forms of psychological distress because of actions, in which the person played no part, committed in the past by other members of the same race, color, national origin, or sec. 
8) Such virtues as merit, excellence, hard work, fairness, neutrality, objectivity, and racial colorblindedness are racist or sexist, or were created by members of a particular race, color, national origin, or sex to oppress members of another race, color, national origin, or sex.

Professors who violate the law could face disciplinary action including termination of their jobs, and state schools that violated the statute could lose performance funding, which constituted a significant portion of their budgets. The law was challenged both by students and professors.

For years this writer has asked Albinos: what are you going to do when your children find out the truth? Dim-wits like DeSantis believe that continued HIDING of the truth is the solution. How long will these laws and political moves keep Albinos from having to face the truth of their existence? No telling, but the careful doling out of truth, over time, along with Black empathy (they ARE our children, we may not forgive them, but we must accept them). That would  seem  to be the best way to go. Think: they  are afraid  of us, so they Dreamt of a world without us - ergo the wars in Europe. But they are our silly children, we as the adults are suppose to know better, and think, rather than holding a grudge. 


The Thirty Years War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. The Thirty Years War was an international conflict taking place in northern Europe from 1618 to 1648. The war was fought between Catholics and Protestants and also drew in the national armies of France, Sweden, Spain, Denmark, and the Habsburg dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire.

The English Civil Wars (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists led by king Charles I.

After the Albinos defeat of the heavily outnumbered Black forces in Europe: the Black survivors were shipped to the Americas as Slaves or Indentures. For many years after the wars, English ships ran the route of the Ship Jamaica Galley, which was Rotterdam Germany to pickup Palatine survivors (Blacks), then on to Cowes in England to pickup British Black survivors, then on to Caribbean Island ports (chiefly Jamaica and Barbados) or North American ports to deliver the Slaves and indentures.

Those wishing to research the human cargo on those ships, (many give the names of their cargo),
may do so at the following web address:
http://www.immigrantships.net/



Compare these two exhibits with the FAKE portraits and
descriptions the Albino media puts out there.


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When we finally get to the Maya Murals, please compare the paintings of those "Ebony Black" Maya people with the stupid racial nonsense Albinos burden us with. All in an effort to Gaslight us into believing that it is normal for our diseased offspring (our Albinos) to be our rulers.

That bit of Black stupidity happened in the early 1600s in Europe. After our Albinos victory over us, under the banner of their newly created religion of protestantism and with the help of many gullible former Catholics like Duke Albert of Prussia, our Albinos gathered up the greatest weapons Black mankind had created, and then used them on all Blacks the world over.

Note: Europe was never densely populated by Blacks: Europe was the last land mass to be settled by Humans (c. 45,000 ya). Blacks preferred the warmth and Sunshine of Africa and Asia. Thus after the Mongols had emptied our Albinos out of Asia, their teeming millions were now in Black Europe, Blacks were greatly outnumbered and so lost the "Thirty Years War" and the "British Civil Wars". But that was then, this is now.




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If you wonder what happened to the Black survivors of those European Wars, well some were enslaved
outright, and some were forced into "Indenture" which was not much different than outright Slavery.


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The Story of John Casor, aka Antonio the negro, aka Anthony Johnson


Note: the following misspellings are original as on the Indenture flyer.


The first Virginia colonists did not even think of themselves as "white" or use that word to describe themselves. They saw themselves as Christians or Englishmen, or in terms of their social class. They were nobility, gentry, artisans, or servants.

Take the case of "Antonio the negro," as he was named in the 1625 Virginia census. He was brought to the colony in 1621. At this time, English and Colonial law did not define racial slavery; the census calls him not a slave but a "servant." Later, Antonio changed his name to Anthony Johnson, married a servant named Mary, and they had four children. Mary and Anthony also became free, and he soon owned land and cattle and even indentured servants of his own.

By July 1651, he had brought his holdings, which he referred to in a court record as myne owne ground, to 250 acres (100 ha), then a considerable tract by eastern shore standards. He was prosperous enough to import five indentured servants of his own and was granted an additional 250 acres (100 ha) as "headrights"

In 1653 John Casor, a Black man employed by Johnson, said that he had been imported as a "seaven or eight yeares" indentured servant and that after attempting to reclaim his indenture, he had been told by Johnson that he didn't have one. According to the court documents, Casor demanded his freedom, and "Anthony Johnson was in a feare. Upon this his sonne in lawe, his wife and his two sonnes perswaded the said Anthony Johnson to sett the said John Casor free." Casor went to work for Robert Parker, a White colonist who, along with his brother George, later testified that they knew Casor had an indenture. One commentator said that Johnson may have feared losing his headrights land if the case went to court.

Anthony Johnson brought suit in Northampton County court against Robert Parker in 1654 for detaining his "Negro servant, John Casor," saying "Hee never did see any [indenture] but that hee had ye Negro for his life". In the case of Johnson vs Parker, the court of Northampton County upheld Johnson's right to hold Casor as a slave, saying in its ruling of 8 March 1655.

Quote: This daye Anthony Johnson negro made his complaint to the court against mr. Robert Parker and declared that hee deteyneth his servant John Casor negro under the pretence that said negro was a free man. The court seriously consideringe and maturely weighing the premisses, doe fynde that the saide Mr. Robert Parker most unjustly keepeth the said Negro from Anthony Johnson his master ... It is therefore the Judgement of the Court and ordered That the said John Casor Negro forthwith returne unto the service of the said master Anthony Johnson, And that Mr. Robert Parker make payment of all charges in the suit.

Sustaining the claim of Anthony Johnson to the perpetual service of John Casor, the court gave judicial sanction to the right of Negroes to own slaves of their own race. The defendant, John Casor, thus became the first individual known to be declared a slave in what later became the United States. In 1670 the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized negroes and Indians from purchasing Christians (in this act meaning English or European whites) but allowing them to buy persons "of their owne nation." In this meaning, purchase also related to buying the contract services of indentured servants of various "nations". In 1665 Anthony Johnson and his wife Mary, his son John and his wife Susanna, and their slave John Casor moved to Somerset County, Maryland. Casor remained Johnson's slave for the rest of his life.

It should be noted that the reason for including the slave interview above (not shown) was to demonstrate that even after generations, Africans did not communicate well in English - as we saw in the transcipt, neither did the English. Point being; how could men from the African interior possible know or argue English law in court?

That case, together with the Virginia General Assembly declaration of 1705, meant that whether Black indentured Europeans became slaves or served their time of indenture and became free, depended entirely on where they landed. If they landed in a slave state they became slaves, if a free state, they became free after their service.



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Albert of Prussia - (1490 – 1568) was a German prince who was the 37th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, who after converting to Lutheranism, became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. Albert was the first European ruler to establish Lutheranism, and thus Protestantism, as the official state religion of his lands. He proved instrumental in the political spread of Protestantism in its early stage, ruling the Prussian lands for nearly six decades (1510–1568).

A member of the Brandenburg-Ansbach branch of the House of Hohenzollern, Albert became Grand Master, where his skill in political administration and leadership ultimately succeeded in reversing the decline of the Teutonic Order. But Albert, who was sympathetic to the demands of Martin Luther, rebelled against the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire by converting the Teutonic state into a Protestant and hereditary realm, the Duchy of Prussia, for which he paid homage to his uncle, Sigismund I, King of Poland. That arrangement was confirmed by the Treaty of Kraków in 1525. Albert pledged a personal oath to the King and in return was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs.



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THIS IS WHY ALBINOS ENSLAVED BLACKS.

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If not for Slavery, and later, migrant labor and covered machinery, the U.S. would be littered with the carcases of Albinos .


The Mason–Dixon line along the southern Pennsylvania border later became known, informally, as the boundary between the Southern slave states and Northern free states. This usage came to prominence during the debate around the Missouri Compromise of 1820, when drawing boundaries between slave and free territory was an issue.

Note: UV ranges from 1 to 11 (the UV map is wrong).

Once below the 40th. parallel north (the Mason Dickson line in the U.S.)
White people - Albinos - can no longer work their fields to farm in the Summertime.
If they didn't "Enslave" pigmented people, they would starve to death or be burnt to death by the Sun.

Philadelphia, PA. is on the Mason Dickson line, the summertime UV index is 6 in Philadelphia.
This is what the United States Environmental Protection Agency has to say about UV level 6. Quote:

A UV Index reading of 6 to 7 means high risk of harm from unprotected sun exposure.

Protection against skin and eye damage is needed.

  • Reduce time in the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
  • If outdoors, seek shade and wear protective clothing, a wide-brimmed hat, and UV-blocking sunglasses.
  • Generously apply broad spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen every 2 hours, even on cloudy days, and after swimming or sweating. 
  • Watch out for bright surfaces, like sand, water and snow, which reflect UV and increase exposure.






Native North Americans

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This is a REAL American Indian

This is an Albino masquerading as an American Indian.


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These are Albino mulattoes or more accurately "Quadroons".



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These are BLACK mulattoes



The Black AND Albino mulattoes came from couples like these two.

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Actually Black and Albino mulattoes is a "Misnomer". A mulatto is officially "the first-generation offspring of a Black person and a white person". But what happens when a mulatto has offspring with a Black or an Albino? Then we get into the "ROONS". A mulatto is 1/2 Black and 1/2 Albino: A quadroon is 1/4 Black or Albino: An Octoroon is 1/8 Black or Albino. A Hexadecaroon is 1/16 Black or Albino. A Quintroon is the offspring of an octoroon (1/8 black) and a white person: 1/16 black. The offspring of a mustiphini (1/16 black) and a white person: 1/32 black.

Boy, Albinos sure seem to be proud of having a disease, what with all the categories to separate themselves from their makers - us Blacks. Me thinks it be false bravado.


Albinos and their Albino mulattoes tell you that THESE are HAWAIIANS

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FUNNY - BUT NONE OF THEM LOOK LIKE HER!


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Just as the Mississippi Secession statement was a welcome break for truth in a sea of Albino lies,
so too is this article by Aloha Tony, Hawaiian real estate agent, concerning the people who live in Hawaii.

10 Things you should know before moving to Hawaii

3) If you're not local, you'll never be.

If you didn't grow up here and have parents of somewhat Hawaiian/Asian decent, you're a haole. It's not just racial, usually. However, most haoles fit right in, make friends that are locals, and even got elected governor or mayor.  We have plenty of nice people of all races, but if you didn't grow up, you flew here - just like I did.  My wife is haole, and she's never had any problems here.  I'm Japanese, but I'm also sort of haole even after 20 years on island, because I didn't grow up here.

Some people in Hawaii are much more friendly than the mainland, but others might seem much less so. It's like anywhere. If you go to a bad neighborhood on the mainland, you might get bad looks or feel unsafe, and that is waaaaay less common here.  It's not about your skin color, it's about your attitude and the respect you show to others.

We are visitors on an island that was overtaken by a foreign country, America.  So be aware that we need to show respect, be polite, and don't treat Hawaii like you own it just because you bought a house here. You aren't "Hawai'ian" if you live here. You're Hawai'ian if you have Hawai'ian blood.  But many locals in Hawai'i are not "Hawai'ian" either.  They're usually a mix of Japanese, Chinese, Philippino, Korean, Portugese, Samoan, Tongan, and haole.




Next lets do the Arabs, then we get back to Maya Art and Culture.


Albinos like to tell us that these Albinos and Albino Mulattoes are "ARABS".

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Actually they are "TURKS" and Turk Mulattoes

The giveaway is that people "NATIVE" to Arabia would not need to be
"COVERED" in clothing from head to toe in order to survive the Sun and live in the place.
Thats why we're BLACK, our skin is full of MELANIN, which protects us from the Sun.




For the ignorant we offer this explanation of Melanin from the Cleveland Clinic.

Melanin
Melanin is a substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation. The more melanin you produce, the darker your eyes, hair and skin will be. The amount of melanin in your body depends on a few different factors, including genetics and how much Sun exposure your ancestral population had.

What does melanin do?
Melanin provides pigmentation to your skin, eyes and hair. The substance also absorbs harmful UV (ultraviolet) rays and protects your cells from Sun damage.



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THIS IS WHAT "REAL" ARABS LOOK LIKE!


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Rashaida people

The Rashaida is an ethnic group inhabiting the coastal plain from Massawa in Eritrea to the border with eastern Sudan. They are descended from Arabs who fled from the Hejaz in present-day Saudi Arabia after tribal warfare had broken out in their homeland in 1846.

The Hedjaz or Hijaz is a region of West Saudi Arabia, along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba: formerly an independent kingdom; it united with Nejd in 1932 to form Saudi Arabia. Nejd is a region of central Saudi Arabia: formerly an independent sultanate of Arabia; united with Hejaz to form the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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Now to the Mayan Empire




You may be thinking; “Wow” that sure was a lot about “Race” just to get to stuff about the Maya. Fair enough, but tell me this, did YOU know that the Maya, and all the other inventors of Civilization were Black? For all of those who did not, it's not enough to just say it, it Must be proven! Which is exactly what Realhistoryww.com does in the face of Albino lies, and that is why it took so long to get to the Maya.


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The earliest Maya settlements date to around 1800 B.C, or the beginning of what is called the Preclassic or Formative Period. The earliest Maya were agricultural people, growing crops such as corn (maize), beans, squash and cassava (manioc).

Nakbe in the Petén department of Guatemala is the earliest well-documented city in the Maya lowlands, where large structures have been dated to around 750 B.C.

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The ancient Maya city of Tikal, in modern-day Guatemala, flourished between roughly 600 B.C. and A.D. 900.


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Tikal



Archaeologists believe that Belize was at one time the center of the ancient Maya world and once was home to more than 2 million Mayas. The Maya Empire evolved around 350 B.C. in the lowlands of Belize and northern Guatemala and reached its height from 250 A.D. to 900 A.D.


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There is still a lot of them (Mayans) in Belize. Only 899 African Slaves
were landed there, the rest of their teeming masses are native Mayans.




Note: Belize was called British Honduras

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The Mayan Highlands are located mostly in the territory of Guatemala and Chiapas (the southernmost state of Mexico), as part of the mountain systems of the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes and Sierra Madre, which rise to 3,800 meters above sea level. Cities in the Highlands did not construct large-sized temples as they did in the Lowlands.


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The Maya lowlands was where most of the large cities were located, that is, in the northern part of Central America as in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. The Lowlands are at sea level elevations from 25 feet (7.6 meters) to approximately 2,600 ft (800 m) above sea level.




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Belize was the home of the earliest Maya settlements. The earliest known settled community in the Maya world is Cuello in the Orange Walk District of Belize. Archaeologists have found evidence that trace Cuello to as far back as 2000 B.C. Belize was also an important trading center for the entire Maya area.





The shape of some Mayan heads in Mayan art.

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Maya Civilization Timeline – From the Canadian Museum of History.


Evolution of Maya culture


The Olmec
- 1200-1000 B.C. > Early Preclassic Maya - 1800-900 B.C. > Middle Preclassic Maya - 900-300 B.C. > Late Preclassic Maya - 300 B.C. - A.D. 250 > Early Classic Maya - A.D. 250-600 > Late Classic Maya - A.D. 600-900 > Post Classic Maya - A.D. 900-1500 > Colonial period A.D. 1500-1800 > Independent Mexico - A.D. 1821 to the present.


B.C. (Before Christ).

11,000 B.C.
The first hunter-gatherers settle in the Maya highlands and lowlands.
3114 or 3113 - The creation of the world takes place, according to the Maya Long Count calendar.
2600 - Maya civilization begins.
2000 - The rise of the Olmec civilization, from which many aspects of Maya culture are derived. Village farming becomes established throughout Maya regions.
2000 - The building of Cuello
1000 - The building of Aguada Fenix
700
Writing is developed in Mesoamerica.
400 - The earliest known solar calendars carved in stone are in use among the Maya, although the solar calendar may have been known and used by the Maya before this date.
300 - The Maya adopt the idea of a hierarchical society ruled by nobles and kings.
100 - The city of Teotihuacan is founded and for centuries is the cultural, religious and trading centre of Mesoamerica.
50 - The Maya city of Cerros is built, with a complex of temples and ball courts. It is abandoned (for reasons unknown) a hundred years later and its people return to fishing and farming.


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Cuello is a Maya archaeological site in northern Belize. The site is that of a farming village with a long occupational history. It was originally dated to 2000 B.C, but these dates have now been corrected and updated to around 1200 B.C. Its inhabitants lived in pole-and-thatch houses that were built on top of low plaster-coated platforms. The site contains residential groups clustered around central patios. It also features the remains of a steam bath dating to approximately 900 B.C, making it the oldest steam bath found to date in the Maya lowlands.



Oldest Mayan Structures

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Mayan Writing

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Mayan Calendar

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The Mayan Number System

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The Mayan numeral system was the system to represent numbers and calendar dates in the Maya civilization. It was a vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. The numerals are made up of three symbols: zero (a shell), one (a dot) and five (a bar). For example, thirteen is written as three dots in a horizontal row above two horizontal bars; sometimes it is also written as three vertical dots to the left of two vertical bars. With these three symbols, each of the twenty vigesimal digits could be written.

Numbers after 19 were written vertically in powers of twenty. The Maya used powers of twenty, just as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system uses powers of ten. For example, thirty-three would be written as one dot, above three dots atop two bars. The first dot represents "one twenty" or "1×20", which is added to three dots and two bars, or thirteen. Therefore, (1×20) + 13 = 33. Upon reaching 202 or 400, another row is started (203 or 8000, then 204 or 160,000, and so on). The number 429 would be written as one dot above one dot above four dots and a bar, or (1×202) + (1×201) + 9 = 429.

Other than the bar and dot notation, Maya numerals were sometimes illustrated by face type glyphs or pictures. The face glyph for a number represents the deity associated with the number. These face number glyphs were rarely used, and are mostly seen on some of the most elaborate monumental carvings.



Addition and subtraction


Adding and subtracting numbers below 20 using Maya numerals is very simple. Addition is performed by combining the numeric symbols at each level:


Addition
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If five or more dots result from the combination, five dots are removed and replaced by a bar. If four or more bars result, four bars are removed and a dot is added to the next higher row. This also means that the value of 1 bar is 5.

Similarly with subtraction, remove the elements of the subtrahend symbol from the minuend symbol:

subtraction
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If there are not enough dots in a minuend position, a bar is replaced by five dots. If there are not enough bars, a dot is removed from the next higher minuend symbol in the column and four bars are added to the minuend symbol which is being worked on.


Mayan system for large numbers

Numbers after 19 were written vertically in powers of twenty. The Maya used powers of twenty, just as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system uses powers of ten. For example, thirty-three would be written as one dot, above three dots atop two bars. The first dot represents "one twenty" or "1×20", which is added to three dots and two bars, or thirteen.

Therefore, (1×20) + 13 = 33. Upon reaching 202 or 400, another row is started (203 or 8000, then 204 or 160,000, and so on). The number 429 would be written as one dot above one dot above four dots and a bar, or (1×202) + (1×201) + 9 = 429.


Other than the bar and dot notation, Maya numerals were sometimes illustrated by face type glyphs or pictures. The face glyph for a number represents the deity associated with the number. These face number glyphs were rarely used, and are mostly seen on some of the most elaborate monumental carvings.







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 Ruins of the Palace at Palenque,
dwellings appear to be at the top


Palenque is located in the foothills of the Chiapas highlands. The city became dominant over the western Maya lowlands during the Late Classic, and engaged in hostilities with its neighbour Toniná that eventually eclipsed it. Hieroglyphic inscriptions at Palenque document a dynastic sequence stretching from the 5th century AD through to the end of the 8th century. The site is best known for the Temple of the Inscriptions, the mortuary shrine containing the tomb of king Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal. Chiapas, Mexico.

The Palenque ruins date from ca. 226 BC to ca. 799 AD. After its decline, it was overgrown by the jungle of cedar, mahogany, and sapodilla trees.  Palenque is a medium-sized site, smaller than Tikal, Chichen Itza, or Copán, but it contains some of the finest architecture, sculpture, roof comb and bas-relief carvings that the Mayas produced. Much of the history of Palenque has been reconstructed from reading the hieroglyphic inscriptions on the many monuments; historians now have a long sequence of the ruling dynasty of Palenque in the 5th century and extensive knowledge of the city-state's rivalry with other states such as Calakmul and Toniná. The most famous ruler of Palenque was K'inich Janaab Pakal, or Pacal the Great, whose tomb has been found and excavated in the Temple of the Inscriptions.



Ancient Mayans Likely Had Fountains and Toilets

The ancient Mayans may have had enough engineering know-how to master running water, creating fountains and even toilets by controlling water pressure, scientists now suggest. Perhaps the earliest known example of the intentional creation of water pressure was found on the island of Crete in a Minoan palace dating back to roughly 1400 B.C.

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Ya, the Minoans/Cretans were just as Black as the Maya! Those Albino looking people in the frescoes are re-paints commissioned by Sir Arthur Evans, (imagine having to call such a degenerate liar "Sir"). This is just the sort of thing that Florida Ron is afraid of.


In the New World, the ability to generate water pressure was previously thought to have begun only with the arrival of the Spanish. Scientists investigated the Mayan center at Palenque in Chiapas, Mexico. At its height, this major site, inhabited from roughly 100 to 800 AD, had some 1,500 structures — residences, palaces, and temples — holding some 6,000 inhabitants under a series of powerful rulers. The center at Palenque also had what was arguably the most unique and intricate system of water management known anywhere in the Maya lowlands. These involved elaborate subterranean aqueducts to deal with the spring-fed streams that naturally divide the landscape and could otherwise cause flooding or erosion.


"The ancient Maya called this city Lakamha' or 'Big Water' because of its nine perennial waterways, 56 springs, and hundreds of meters of cascades," said researcher Kirk French, an archaeologist at Pennsylvania State University in University Park. One peculiar finding at Palenque was a buried, spring-fed conduit some 216 feet long (66 m). While other aqueducts under the site's main plaza stayed relatively level and maintained a roughly constant width, the rectangular conduit was located on a steep slope and abruptly narrowed at its end. Assuming this sloping conduit was smoothly plastered as the aqueducts were at Palenque, the researchers calculated the resulting water pressure could drive a fountain shooting water roughly 20 feet high (6 m).

"This finding is yet another technological achievement made by the Maya independently of the Old World," French said. "The Maya of Palenque had water pressure technology by 750 AD at the very latest and most likely much earlier." French noted it has been speculated for decades that the palace in Palenque had running water for toilets. "Getting running water to the palace was impossible without water pressure," he said. Because of this new find, "the toilet theory isn’t so far-fetched." Running water would have been a luxury, not a necessity. "I actually think that the creation of water pressure at Palenque was a sign of wealth," French said. "It was definitely not necessary. They had water everywhere. The Maya of Palenque were never more than 150 meters (492 feet) from a source of water. Water pressure technology would have been useful through the display of power and knowledge, similar to how priests and shamans used astronomical events." There may be other examples of Precolumbian water pressure throughout the Americas that have been unseen or misidentified, French said. For instance, ceramic tubes have been found at several sites throughout central Mexico. Live Science.



Palenque Recreation

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The Maya produced art in many forms such as painted murals, carvings, and statues.
These were used to decorate several spaces including temples, palaces, city centers, and homes.





San Bartolo was a small city in the north of the Guatemalan Petén, northeast of Tikal and very close to Xultún. Occupied around 600 B.C. and abandoned about the year 150 A.D. Among its structures it has the Pyramid of the Windows, the Palacio del Tigrillo, considered one of the oldest palaces in the Mayan World, a court for the ball game, and the Temple of Paintings built in several stages between the year 300 B.C and 50 A.D.


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The site of San Bartolo as it stands today.

Artists recreation of the San Bartolo Pyramid.



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Catching Albinos in their lies is not hard, just examine the subject, then use common sense reasoning and logic.

The Mural above is from Bonampak room 3, it is dated 750 A.D. (about 1,250 years old). Note that the paint is damaged – as expected, but the fact that the Maya were Black skinned people is readily apparent.


While with the supposed 1,900 year old mural, the paint is clear and  pristine, and the Mayans are NOT Black. Figure it out.
Claimed to be the oldest Mayan Mural in existence. The condition of the Mural is too good for it to be 1,900 years old, plus no Black paint for skin coloring is evident.






Tonina



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Tonina is a ruined city of the Maya civilization located in what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas, just east of the town of Ocosingo. The site is medium to large, with groups of temple-pyramids set on terraces rising some 71 metres (233 ft) above a plaza, a large court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, and over 100 carved monuments, most dating from the 6th century through the 9th centuries AD, during the Classic period. Toniná is distinguished by its well preserved stucco sculptures and particularly by its in-the-round carved monuments, produced to an extent not seen in Mesoamerica since the end of the much earlier Olmec civilization. Toniná possesses one of the largest pyramids in Mexico; at 74 metres (243 ft) in height, it is taller than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan.


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Toniná was an aggressive state in the Late Classic, using warfare to develop a powerful kingdom. For much of its history, Toniná was engaged in sporadic warfare with Palenque, its greatest rival and one of the most important polities in the west of the Maya region, although Toniná eventually became the dominant city in the west. The city is notable for having the last known Long Count date on any Maya monument, marking the end of the Classic Maya period in AD 909.




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As a reminder for the uninitiated  - Albinos, especially those involved in the historical sciences, are often degenerate liars and falsifiers - because they have to be. They have no known history, they don't even know when we first created them in Africa. After they became a race due to "Inbreeding" in Central Asia, we AND they, know even less of them. One thing for sure, when we left Africa going on 150,000 years ago, they did not yet exist. At the time of our migration to the Americas all humans were Black, whether they have Mongol or standard features - there were no Albinos.

In modern times; due to the forced introduction of Albinos from Europe - by way of Central Asia - we begin to see "Native American Albinos" no doubt due to The European Albinos (so-called "White People") forcing themselves on American females and passing on their Mutated TYR, OCA2, and TYRP-1 genes to their children.


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Not only is the above statue a fake, it's also Stupid! WHAT KIND OF A WARRIOR WEARS HIS HAIR LIKE THAT - e.g. LIKE A GIRL!




Bonampak


Bonampak (known anciently as Ak'e or, in its immediate area as Usiij Witz, 'Vulture Hill') is an ancient Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Chiapas. The site is approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of the larger site of the people Yaxchilan, under which Bonampak was a dependency, and the border with Guatemala. While the site is not overly spatial or abundant in architectural size, it is well known for the murals located within the three roomed Structure 1 (The Temple of the Murals). The construction of the site's structures dates to the Late Classic period (c. AD 580 to 800). The Bonampak murals are noteworthy for being among the best-preserved Maya murals.


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Bonampak is best known for the colourful floor-to-ceiling murals that cover the interior walls of a small three-room building on the first level of the acropolis. Room by room, these paintings document a number of events that occurred in 790–792, during the reign of Chan Muán. The images in the first room depict Chan Muán’s designation of his son as heir to the throne amid a contingent of white-robed nobility wearing elaborate headdresses. In the second room the murals portray a raid on a neighboring community, with both the warriors and their weapons decked in jaguar pelts.


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The paintings in the third room illustrate—in graphic detail—the ritual bloodletting, torture, and sacrifice of war captives. Disrobed prisoners are shown, for instance, with blood running from their nailless fingers. The murals in the second and third rooms were especially important in dismantling the long-held (until the mid-20th century) and romanticized notion of the ancient Maya as a serene and peace-loving people.


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In addition to chronicling events of Chan Muán’s reign, the Bonampak murals also reveal much about the role of music in ancient Mayan civilization. Percussion instruments—including log drums, scrapers, gourd rattles, and drumlike idiophones made from turtle shells—regularly appear as an accompaniment to processions and other ritual events. Also notable are wind instruments, such as ocarinas, flutes, and conch-shell trumpets. Along with music, dance is depicted as integral to the ceremonial life of the Maya, marking different rituals or segments of ritual activity.



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Cerros

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As you can see from the "Mulatto" depiction of BLACK Mayan warriors, the site Maya-3D is part of the “Black” denying Albino conspiracy to Write Blacks Out-of-History. The only way to combat their lies is to call them out, and to say and show truth, at every opportunity.


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See - they look nothing like the "Mulatto" looking depictions put forth by Albinos.


Modern Times

C.E. (current era) or A.D. (Anno Domini) - Latin for “in the year of the Lord”


A.D. 100 - The decline of the Olmecs.
400 - The Maya highlands fall under the domination of Teotihuacan, and the disintegration of Maya culture and language begins in some parts of the highlands.
500 - The Maya city of Tikal becomes the first great Maya city, as citizens from Teotihuacan make their way to Tikal, introducing new ideas involving weaponry, captives, ritual practices and human sacrifice.
600 - An unknown event destroys the civilization at Teotihuacan, along with the empire it supported. Tikal becomes the largest city-state in Mesoamerica, with as many as 500,000 inhabitants within the city and its hinterland.
683 - The Emperor Pacal dies at the age of 80 and is buried in the Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque.
751 - Long-standing Maya alliances begin to break down. Trade between Maya city-states declines, and inter-state conflict increases.
869 - Construction ceases in Tikal, marking the beginning of the city's decline.
899 - Tikal is abandoned.
900 - The Classic Period of Maya history ends, with the collapse of the southern lowland cities. Maya cities in the northern Yucatán continue to thrive.
1200 - Northern Maya cities begin to be abandoned.
1224 - The city of Chichén Itzá is abandoned by the Toltecs. A people known as the Uicil-abnal, which later takes the name Itzá, settles in the desolate city.
1244 - The Itzá abandon Chichén Itzá for reasons unknown.
1263 - The Itzá begin building the city of Mayapán.
1283 - Mayapán becomes the capital of Yucatán.
1441 - There is a rebellion within Mayapán and the city is abandoned by 1461. Shortly after this, Yucatán degenerates from a single united kingdom into sixteen rival statelets, each anxious to become the most powerful.
1511 - A Spaniard named Gonzalo Guerrero is shipwrecked and washed up on the eastern shore of Yucatán. He defects to the Maya, tattooing his face, piercing his ears and marrying into a Maya noble family. Guerrero later becomes an implacable foe of the Spaniards and does much to help the Maya resist Spanish rule in Yucatán.
1517 - The Spanish first arrive on the shores of Yucatán under Hernandez de Cordoba, who later dies of wounds received in battle against the Maya. The arrival of the Spanish ushers in Old World diseases unknown among the Maya, including smallpox, influenza and measles. Within a century, 90 per cent of Mesoamerica's native populations will be killed off.
1519 - Hernán Cortés begins exploring Yucatán.
1524 - Cortés meets the Itzá people, the last of the Maya peoples to remain unconquered by the Spanish. The Spanish leave the Itzá alone until the seventeenth century.
1528 - The Spanish under Francisco de Montejo begin their conquest of the northern Maya. The Maya fight back with surprising vigour, keeping the Spanish at bay for several years.
1541 - The Spanish are finally able to subdue the Maya and put an end to Maya resistance. Revolt continues, however, to plague the Spaniards off and on for the rest of the century.
1542 - The Spanish establish a capital city at Mérida in Yucatán.
1695 - The ruins of Tikal are discovered by chance by the Spanish priest Father Avedaño and his companions, who had become lost in the jungle.
1712 - The Maya of the Chiapas highlands rise against the Mexican government. They will continue to do so off and on until the 1990s.
1724 - The Spanish Crown abolishes the system of encomienda, which had given Spanish land barons the right to forced Maya labour, as long as they agreed to convert the Maya to Christianity.
1821 - Mexico becomes independent from Spain. In general, life becomes more tolerable for the Maya than it had been under Spanish rule.
1822 - An account of Antonío del Río's late eighteenth-century explorations of Palenque is published in London. The book raises a great deal of interest in further exploration of the "lost" Maya civilization and settlements.
1839 - American diplomat and lawyer John Lloyd Stephens and English topographical artist Frederick Catherwood begin a series of explorations into Maya regions, revealing the full splendour of classical Maya civilization to the world for the first time.
1847 - The Yucatán Maya rise up against the Mexican government, rebelling against the miserable conditions and cruelty they have suffered at the hands of the whites. The rebellion is so successful that the Maya almost manage to take over the entire peninsula in what has become known as the War of the Castes.
1850 - A miraculous "talking cross" in a village in central Quintana Roo predicts a holy war against the whites. Bolstered by arms received from the British in Belize, the Maya form into quasi-military companies inspired by messianic zeal. The fighting continues until 1901.
1860 - The Yucatán Maya rebel again.
1864 - Workmen digging a canal on the Caribbean coast of Guatemala discover a jade plaque inscribed with a date of A.D. 320. The plaque becomes one of the oldest known objects dated in the Maya fashion.
1880 - A new tide of government intervention in Maya life begins as governments attempt to force the Maya to become labourers on cash-crop plantations. This destroys many aspects of Maya cultural traditions and agricultural methods preserved over 4,000 years. Towns which had been protected for the Maya soon become a haven for mixed-race ladinos who prey economically on the indigenous Maya and usurp all positions of social and economic power.
1910 - Rampant government corruption leads to the Mexican Revolution.
1946 - American photographer Giles Healey is taken to the Maya city of Bonampak by the native Lacandón who live nearby. Healey becomes the first non-Maya ever to see Bonampak's stunning wall-paintings, which reveal new details about Maya civilization.
1952 - The Priest-king Pacal's tomb at Palenque is discovered and excavated by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz, marking the first time a tomb has been found inside a Maya pyramid. Prior to this, Maya pyramids were believed to be temples with a purely religious or ceremonial purpose.
1962 - Maya hieroglyphic signs are first catalogued. Uncontrolled looting of Maya tombs and other sites begins around this time in the southern lowlands, continuing until well into the 1970s.
1992 - A Quiché Maya woman from Guatemala named Rigoberta Menchu, who has lost most of her family to the death squads and is known for speaking out against the extermination of the Maya, wins the Nobel Peace Prize.



Mesoamerica

The historic region of Mesoamerica comprises the modern day countries of northern Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, and central to southern Mexico. For thousands of years, this area was populated by groups such as the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec peoples.
Throughout this region, many hundreds of Maya sites have been documented in at least some form by archaeological surveys and investigations, while the numbers of smaller/uninvestigated (or unknown) sites are so numerous (one study has documented over 4,400 Maya sites) that no complete archaeological list has yet been made.


This list of Maya sites is an alphabetical listing of a number of significant archaeological sites associated with the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.

The peoples and cultures which comprised the Maya civilization spanned more than 2,500 years of Mesoamerican history, in the Maya Region of southern Mesoamerica, which incorporates the present-day nations of Guatemala and Belize, much of Honduras and El Salvador, and the southeastern states of Mexico from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec eastwards, including the entire Yucatán Peninsula.

Throughout this region, many hundreds of Maya sites have been documented in at least some form by archaeological surveys and investigations, while the numbers of smaller/uninvestigated (or unknown) sites are so numerous (one study has documented over 4,400 Maya sites) that no complete archaeological list has yet been made. The listing which appears here is necessarily incomplete, however it contains notable sites drawn from several large and ongoing surveys, such as the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions (CMHI) and other sources.


These are Maya sites which are known to have been among the largest and most influential polities through the various eras of Maya history: Preclassic), Classic and Postclassic, and which have left the most impressive archaeological remains, (though we cannot present any of these at this time), they include:
 


El Baúl, along with the sites of Bilbao and El Castillo, forms the Cotzumalhuapa Nuclear Zone, a large urban area dating to the Late Classic period. Escuintla Department, Guatemala.


Seibal was the largest Classic Period city in the Pasión River region, situated on bluffs overlooking the river. The city experienced a Late Preclassic apogee before declining in the Early Classic and falling under the domination of Dos Pilas in the Late Classic. It survived the collapse of that kingdom to become one of the last cities to survive in the area and was abandoned at the end of the Classic Period. Petén Department, Guatemala.

 
Chunchucmil was a large site that reached its apogee during the Late to Terminal Classic. The organisation of the city appears to have differed from that of other Maya sites and appears to have been geared towards a specialised coastal trade in salt. Yucatán, Mexico.


Coba is large site situated among five small lakes on a dry plain. The site is known for a network of 16 causeways linking it to neighbouring sites, the longest of which runs over 100 kilometres (62 mi) west to Yaxuna. The main phase of occupation of the city dates to the Late Classic through to the Early Postclassic, from about AD 700 to 1100.  Quintana Roo, Mexico. 


Comalcalco is a city of the Classic period. It is the only Mayan city built with bricks made of clay and glued with stucco. Three tombs and 14 funerary burials have been found, of which 7 were inside ceramic urn, as well as a pantheon discovered on the outskirts of the city with 116 burials, unique in the Mayan culture. Tabasco, Mexico.


Copán was the capital city of a major Classic period kingdom from the 5th to 9th centuries AD, when it was closely allied with Tikal. The city was located in the extreme southeast of the Mesoamerican cultural region, on the frontier with the Isthmo-Colombian cultural region, and was almost surrounded by non-Maya peoples. The city is best known for its elaborate sculptural style. Copán Department, Honduras.


Dos Pilas dates to the Late Classic Period, being founded by an offshoot of the Tikal dynasty in order to control trade routes in the Petexbatún region. It broke away from Tikal and became a vassal of Calakmul. It was a predator state from the beginning and the city gives an important glimpse into the great rivalries and political strife that characterised the Late Classic. Much of the history of Dos Pilas can now be reconstructed, with a level of detail that is almost unparalleled in the Maya area.  Petén Department, Guatemala.

 
Dzibilchaltun was a large and important city in the far north of the Yucatán Peninsula, with its principal architecture dating to the Classic Period, although activity at the site continued into the Late Postclassic when the city's main temple was already in ruins. Yucatán, Mexico.
Although short-lived, Iximche was the capital of the Kaqchikel highland kingdom at the time of the Spanish conquest of Guatemala and became the base of operations for the conquest of the highlands and Pacific coast until Spanish demands for tribute caused the Kaqchikels to break off their alliance and rebel. The Spanish then burned Iximche and moved their capital to nearby Tecpán Guatemala until frequent Kaqchikel raids forced them to move their colonial capital to what is now Ciudad Vieja near Antigua Guatemala.  Chimaltenango Department, Guatemala.

Ixkun is a large site containing many unrestored mounds and ruins and is the best known archaeological site within the municipality of Dolores. It was the capital of one of the four largest kingdoms in the upper Mopan Valley. Stela 1 at Ixkun is one of the tallest stone monuments in the entire Petén Basin. Although the main period of activity was during the Late Classic Period, the site was occupied from the Late Preclassic right through to the Postclassic Period. Petén Department, Guatemala.

Kaminaljuyu was founded in the Middle Preclassic and emerged as an important city in the Late Preclassic and dominated the entire Maya Highlands. It declined at the end of the Preclassic and was taken over by a new Maya group in the Early Classic with strong contacts with central Mexico. Occupation at Kaminaljuyu extended into the Late Classic. Guatemala Department, Guatemala.


Mayapan was an important fortified city with a densely occupied area within the city walls. The principal pyramid at Mayapan was modelled after the main pyramid at Chichen Itza. The city was the most important site in Yucatán for a period of about 250 years during the Postclassic Period, with the earliest structures dating to the 12th century AD. Yucatán, Mexico.

 
El Mirador was an enormous Late Preclassic city although construction apparently began in the Middle Preclassic and some level of occupation continued into the Classic Period. The city included some very large triadic pyramids and covered an area similar to that of Classic Period Tikal. Petén Department, Guatemala.

 Moral Reforma was an important river port that controlled commercial traffic on the San Pedro Mártir River between El Petén and the Gulf of Mexico coast. Because of this, it was highly coveted and fought wars with Calakmul, Tikal, Palenque and Piedras Negras, by whom it was dominated at different times. It had a long occupation, since the year 300 BC. C. until its abandonment in the year 1000 A.D. Tabasco, Mexico.

Naachtun is situated in the extreme north of Petén, in a central location between Tikal and Calakmul, the two great Classic Period Maya powers, both of which constantly influenced its politics. The hieroglyphic texts from the site cover almost the whole Classic Period from 504 to 761 AD, although the site inhabited since the Preclassic.  Petén Department, Guatemala.

 
Nakbe was an important city in the Middle Preclassic, with its principal phase of occupation lasting from about 1000 BC to 400 BC. The city is linked to neighbouring El Mirador by a Late Preclassic causeway. Nakbe appears to possess the earliest examples of Maya masonry architecture and of sacbe causeways. Petén Department, Guatemala.


Naranjo was the capital of a kingdom from the Early Classic through to the Late Classic and formed an important link in the trade routes running from the great city of Tikal to the Caribbean Sea. The earliest dated monuments at the site date to the late 5th century AD. The city became a vassal of Tikal's great rival Calakmul and was involved in a series of devastating wars. Petén Department, Guatemala.


Oxkintok was one of the first Maya states to develop in the northern lowlands, undergoing a process of rapid development in the Early Classic Period that gave rise to an important capital with inscribed stone monuments. The earliest dated monument dates to the late 5th century AD. Yucatán, Mexico.


El Perú was a major Classic Period ally of Calakmul in its wars against Tikal. Petén Department, Guatemala.

Piedras Negras was the largest city in the region of the Usumacinta River and is known for its excellent quality Late Classic sculpted monuments. These well preserved inscriptions provided the first evidence that Maya texts described historical events. The site has a continuous series of texts running from the 7th century AD through to the 9th century. Petén Department, Guatemala.

Qʼumarkaj (also known as Utatlán) was the Postclassic capital of the Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj at the time of the Spanish Conquest and was one of the most powerful Maya cities at that time, dominating the Guatemalan Highlands. Quiché Department, Guatemala.


San Bartolo is a remote site in the Guatemalan rainforest and was only discovered in 2001. Most of the structures at the site date to the Late Preclassic and overlie older Middle Preclassic architecture, although the city was reoccupied in the Late Classic. San Bartolo possesses one of the most important Preclassic murals yet found. Petén Department, Guatemala.


Tulum is a Late Postclassic site situated on cliffs overlooking the Caribbean Sea and was probably occupied at the time of the Spanish Conquest. It is a small site with architecture in a style similar to that at the bigger cities of Chichen Itza and Mayapan. The site was probably founded to expand the coastal trade routes of the Yucatán Peninsula. Quintana Roo, Mexico.

In the Late Classic Period Yaxchilan was one of the most powerful Maya cities along the course of the Usumacinta, with Piedras Negras as its major rival. Architectural styles in subordinate sites in the Usumacinta region demonstrate clear differences that mark a clear boundary between the two kingdoms. Yaxchilan was a large center, important throughout the Classic era, and the dominant power of the Usumacinta River area. It dominated such smaller sites as Bonampak. The site is particularly known for its well-preserved sculptured stone lintels set above the doorways of the main structures. Chiapas, Mexico.

Yaxha was a large city located upon the north shore of the lake of the same name. The city reached its maximum power in the Early Classic, when it was one of the largest capital cities in the Maya region; it was apparently allied with Tikal at that time. By the Late Classic its power had waned, perhaps linked to defeat by  Calakmul or its allies. Petén Department, Guatemala.
      


Art on Mayan Ceramics


Among the Maya, members of the nobility offered elaborately painted vessels to each other as gifts to maintain political and social connections among leading families. They often commissioned these items from scribes, literate aristocrats who painted images and wrote hieroglyphic texts on ceramics and in codices (singular: codex; books on bark paper). Painted ceramics also functioned as serving dishes for important feasts and for making offerings. Maya ceramic painting reached its peak between 600 and 900, when artists produced innovative designs combining hieroglyphs with geometric elements, and  images of humans and gods.


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The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, colloquially "the Met".

Unrolling the Ceramic Canvases of Maya Painters
November 28, 2016
James Doyle, Assistant Curator.

The Mayan "Rollout"

The master painters and scribes of the Classic Maya period (ca 250–900 A.D.) probably created hundreds, if not thousands, of illuminated books on bark paper or hide. These creations took the form of screenfold codices, only four of which survive from before the Spanish conquest.

Because no complete books survive from the Classic period, scholars rely on scenes painted on ceramic plates and cylindrical drinking vessels in order to understand Maya visual narratives. When Michael Coe published the catalogue for his landmark exhibition The Maya Scribe and His World at the Grolier Club in 1973, he commissioned artist Diane Griffiths Peck to "roll out" the vessels using line drawings. Peck skillfully rendered the images from the cylindrical and globular vessels in planar form. Two of her drawings documented vessels now in The Met collection: the so-called "Metropolitan Vase" in the codex style, and a masterpiece stone pot for drinking chocolate (fig. 2).

Coe realized that these initial rollout drawings were time-consuming and would be costly to produce in the long term. To efficiently document the hundreds of Maya vessels that were known from archaeological excavations, in museum collections, and on the art market, a new method of photography was necessary to better roll out the scenes. This would not only capture the imagery in a legible way, but also allow for an unprecedented comparative study of hieroglyphic writing and painterly conventions.

Mike Coe teamed up with photographer Justin Kerr, who had an interest in the art of ancient Mesoamerica and had begun to photograph objects for various galleries in New York. Kerr began to research a process of creating Maya rollout photos using a variety of turntables and various camera apparatuses that allowed for the correct exposure. The goal was to turn the vessel and the film at the same rate in opposite directions so that the cylinder's scene would be unwrapped.

The first rollouts appeared in print for the Coe and Kerr collaboration Lords of the Underworld: Masterpieces of Classic Maya Ceramics, published in conjunction with an exhibition at the Princeton University Art Museum. From the 1970s until the 2000s, Justin Kerr and his late wife, Barbara, produced hundreds of high-quality rollout photographs. It is hard to overstate the importance of their database in the advancement of scholarship on Maya art and hieroglyphic writing. To this day, discoveries in phonetic decipherment and art-historical studies happen because of the Kerr Maya Vase Database.



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A word on the Reproductions of Mayan Art:

You will note that some of the reproductions depict the Mayans as something other than Black. That depiction is totally dependent on the level of racist resentment held by the reproduction artist who knows that Albinos like himself have never achieved such greatness. Rather, they took what was left to them, and used those things to kill Blacks and their fellow Albinos - millions killed in the two world wars. So let us say this to those racist - artist or not - you are NOT hurting Black kids with your lies, most of them are so ignorant that they don't even know that original Americans were Black. Rather you are hurting YOUR kids, your lies leave them nothing to hold on to in the light of truth.

So what happens when they learn of your lies and duplicity? They will likely think very badly of you AND themselves. Meanwhile, those ignorant Black kids, when WOKE, will likely hate you for what you have done. Your stupidity on this matter is astounding. In the U.S. every day would-be Albino radicals yearn for a  "Race War" obviously you are as ignorant as you have made Blacks, don't you realize that YOU are the SMALLEST part of the Human race? Less than 1 Billion of the 8 Billion humans on this Earth. Our advice,  Stop the Hate while you can.




Mayan Ceremonial Cups

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Just for fun we Googled Albino media for the White population of the World:
As expected we got double-talk and changed subject matter. They're not stupid enough to tell the truth.Albinos have been conditioned to believe that THEY are the major part of the human race, rather than the smallest. That is why the idiot fringe continually call for Race Wars. As to the advantage of weaponry the Albinos once held - check out what you will find in any Black Ghetto.

BTW - this is the reason for Albino Americas seeming love and fixation for firearms. Most of them think there will be a race war, and they think themselves getting ready. Once again -
Stop the Hate while you can. This country is way too wonderful and great for us to allow delusional assholes to destroy it. True it was built on the worst lies and violence, but lets all try to move past our past.




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So we got slick and asked how many people are in Europe. Then we asked "What population of Europe is black?" Answer: all together, from these estimates and statistics there are roughly 9.6 million Black people in Europe, with over two-thirds from the United Kingdom or France. If North Africans, who are of Berber or Arab ancestry, were to be included, this estimate would double to nearly 22 million.
So according to Albinos, there are 724.4 million Albinos in Europe.

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Europe covers about (3.93 million sq mi), or 2% of Earth's surface (6.8% of land area), making it the second-smallest continent (using the seven-continent model).

With an area of (16,428,000 sq mi), the Americas cover 8.3 percent of Earth's surface area and 28.5 percent of its total land area.

China/Area
3.705 million mi²

India/Area
1.269 million mi²

Africa covers six percent of the world's total surface area, roughly (11,700,000 mi²). Including its adjacent islands, the continent occupies about 20 percent of Earth's total land area.

Is there anyone out there stupid enough to believe Africa's population is only 1.216 Billion? Lesson for young Blacks, Albinos lie about anything relating to "Race."




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ADL article.
The concept of “race war” is gaining popularity among white supremacists. In July, 2019, police officers responding to a racist graffiti incident in Baltimore County, Maryland, encountered swastikas, as well as a phrase new to them: “Race War Now.” In Washington state, local authorities used the state’s “red flag” laws in October 2019 to temporarily seize the weapons of Kaleb Cole, a member of the white supremacist group Atomwaffen, whom prosecutors claimed was “preparing for a race war.” Some neo-Nazi groups, such as Atomwaffen and Feuerkrieg Division, claim their very purpose is to prepare for “race war.” Other white supremacists repeatedly reference it on podcasts or on white supremacist discussion forums such as Stormfront. The latter has featured a variety of race war-themed topics in recent years, including “They Want a Race War, Don’t They?,” “Blacks won’t win the race war.”





Mayan Rollouts, most of unknown meaning



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Albino destruction of Mayan Art, Culture, and writing.


This is an account not vetted or confirmed by any Mayan or other Black person.


Diego de Landa - Spanish bishop
Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Jan 1, 2023


Diego de Landa, (born 1524, Cifuentes, Spain—died 1579, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico), Spanish Franciscan priest and bishop of Yucatán who is best known for his classic account of Mayan culture and language, most of which he was also responsible for destroying.

Landa was born to a noble family and at age 17 joined the Franciscans. His religious fervour manifested itself early, and he asked to be sent as a missionary to the New World. Once in Mexico he learned the Yucatec Mayan language. By 1552 he had become head of the Izamal convent. He became the Franciscan provincial (the superior of a province of a Roman Catholic religious order) of Yucatán in 1561. In this capacity he presided over a host of atrocities against the indigenous peoples, including imprisonment, enslavement, torture, and murder.

Over the course of three months, some 4,500 Mayas were tortured. Nearly 200 died, and others were permanently damaged. The Franciscans used one particularly effective method borrowed from the Spanish Inquisition, a version of strappado, in which the victim’s wrists were secured to a rope and he was hanged by the wrists, sometimes with weights tied to his feet, while being flogged or splashed with hot wax.


Although Landa was sympathetic in many ways to the Maya people, he abhorred certain of their practices, particularly human sacrifice. When in July 1562 traces of human sacrifice were found in a cave containing sacred statues of the Maya, Landa in his religious zeal conducted an auto-da-fé at Maní. Some 5,000 Maya statues were destroyed, and that was not the end of his destruction. Having determined that the precious and zealously guarded Mayan books he had been shown with great pride—precisely because of his evident empathy—contained “nothing in which there was not to be seen superstition and lies of the devil,” he ordered all of the books to be burned “…which [the Maya] regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them great affliction,” he wrote with what seems like genuine befuddlement. The Mayas under his jurisdiction complained bitterly to his superiors, who found his methods harsh and improper. Later that year Landa was remanded to Spain for trial.




Human Sacrifice

Modern science tells us that Blacks may have settled the Americas as much as 150,000 years ago. That means that Black Americans were isolated from other people (except the Asian Mongols who came across the Bering Straits about 12,000 years ago - the Clovis people). Problem is that contact with other peoples is how each progresses. Lack of contact is why the Maya may have continued the primitive human sacrifice practice (if they in fact did). Egyptians ended the practice around 3,000 B.C. The Sumerians about the same. Each had contact with different peoples within thousands of miles of them.



So far, the only indication we have of Maya Human Sacrifice is from this ONE Roll-out of a Mayan Ceremonial Cup. Inability to read the glyphs makes it impossible to ascertain what is really happening in the picture.
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The Albinos tell us that the Mayans practiced Human Sacrifice - but is that really true?

Mayans performed their rituals on specific days of the year and as such the rituals were closely related with celestial and terrestrial cycles.

In almost every ritual, bloodletting by the humans was practised. Bloodletting was practised to appease the Maize God. It was a public ritual and normally performed by religious or political leaders. In the ritual sharp objects like stingray spine were pierced into the tongue, ear or foreskin of the person. The blood was poured over the idol of the god or was collected in a paper and burned. There have been instances of self-mutilation where people have sacrificed their own blood or a portion of their flesh to the gods.


Funny thing is that there does not appear to be any Murals, Statues, or Carvings documenting the Mayans practice of the primitive and  abhorrent practice of Human Sacrifice; just blood letting and such. Might be just another Albino lie.




How did the Maya Farm:


Ancient Maya people were clever and hardworking farmers who used a variety of techniques to raise enough food to feed the large populations in Maya cities. Their sophistication can be compared to other ancient empires such as the Egyptians. Corn, or maize, was the main staple crop. Maize was grown together with beans and squash as each of the three provide support to the others. Recently, archeologists also discovered that the Maya grew manioc or cassava, a root that provides a significant amount of carbohydrate in the diet. This discovery solves a longstanding mystery of how the Maya could produce enough nutritious food to feed everyone, considering the land they inhabited and worked with no metal tools or draft animals. In order to deal with rain-forest, swampy areas, and mountainous hillsides, the Maya had to engineer a variety of farming methods.

Slash and Burn
Archeologists thought for decades that Maya people used slash and burn agriculture, a Mayan farming method where trees and other plants are first cut down, then the entire area to be planted is burned. The Maya would then plant in the rich ash that resulted. However, after two or three years, the soil and ash was depleted and must be allowed to lie fallow for five to 15 years. The Maya would then move on to a new area and repeat the process. Some archeologists realized that the slash and burn technique alone could not have fed the large populations of the Classic era. These experts began to look for other methods the Maya might have used as well as shifting, swidden agriculture. This in many ways, was a game changer for researching Mayan farming.



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Slash and Burn


Raised Bed Farming
Aerial photography provides evidence of raised beds alongside canals. Like the Aztecs, the Mayan farming was comprised of farmed field raised up from the bajos, or low, swampy areas. They created these fertile farm areas by digging up the mud from the bottom and placing it on mats made of woven reeds two feet above the water level. In the canals between the beds were fish, turtles and other aquatic life. Water lilies grew in the water and prevented the water from drying up. Raised bed farming was quite labor-intensive but very productive. Each field provided two or three crops a year.


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Raised Bed Farming
Terrace Farming



Terrace Farming
For Mayan farming in mountainous areas, the Maya made terraces on the steep hillsides. Small fields are cut into a hillside and held with a retaining wall. These create a series of steps that reduce water runoff and erosion and can be planted with maize or other crops. These terraces make the most productive use of mountainous or hilly land. Here too, the Maya used canals to irrigate the crops.

Besides the three agricultural methods outlined above, the Maya also used forest gardening, planting trees that provided economic benefit for them as food or firewood. Cacao and Gum trees were encouraged to grow, for example. The Maya also harvested from the wild, finding tubers, roots and berries they could eat.


What did the Maya Eat?



Maize/Corn was the staple food of the Maya and had great cultural significance, figuring in all important events such as those attending Births and Deaths. It was consumed in many ways: in liquid form, as posole or atole...as a gruel; and as breadstuff, in tortillas and tamales.


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Scientists believe people living in central Mexico developed Corn at least 7,000 years ago. It was started from a wild grass called Teosinte. By selectively breeding each generation, ancient farmers drastically changed teosinte's appearance, yield, grain quality and survivability—culminating in today's "Corn." In fact, Teosinte is so unlike modern corn, 19th century botanists did not even consider the two to be related.


Today’s Corn is much different from the corn that the indigenous peoples of North America once grew. Through selective breeding, farmers have steadily domesticated corn, changing its size, color, and flavor in the process. Most people think of corn as sweet yellow corn, a large form of maize. Compared to many other fruits and vegetables, corn is low in vitamins and minerals.

Some corn varieties are rich in antioxidants, specifically in a group of antioxidants called carotenoids. Antioxidants combat the effects of harmful free radicals in the body. Research suggests that free radicals may play a role in the aging process and the development of a number of chronic diseases. Many fruits and vegetables, including dark leafy greens, carrots, and sweet potatoes, are also rich in carotenoids. Corn is higher in protein than many other vegetables, making it a good choice for vegetarians and vegans, or for people hoping to eat more protein from nonanimal sources.

Corn is high in cellulose, which is an insoluble fiber that the body cannot digest. However, the body breaks down the other components of corn. Chewing corn for longer can also help the digestive system break down cellulose walls to access more of the nutrients. Some producers still use the ancient method of corn preparation known as "nixtamalization" which is a traditional process in Mexico and Central America whereby corn is treated with lime, cooked, and dried and ground to produce the flour used to make tortilla, tamales, and others.


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Corn has a lower glycemic index than Rice, which makes it a better option for those following a low-fat diet. Rice, on the other hand, is deficient in vitamins A, E, C, and K. Corn, on the other hand, is abundant in these vitamins. Corn has more sugars and protein, but rice is higher in calories and carbohydrates because of its starch content.

Wheat is generally higher in minerals than Corn. For its part though, Corn will give you a wider assortment of vitamins, containing vitamin C, B vitamins, as well as A, E and K. And Corn, in its natural form, will also give you more “fibrous benefits” than wheat will. So, it all depends on what you're after.


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Among animal foods, the Turkey was important. It seems that both species were eaten, the domesticated and the smaller wild Ocellated turkey. Iguana, Armadillo,Deer, Tapir, Monkey, and the Manatee (Sea Cow) were eaten. Fish and seafood were much consumed in coastal areas, and there is also evidence of trade in preserved fish.

Other sources of protein were Partridges, Curassows, Pheasants, Quail, Pigeons, Chachalacas, Parrots, Deer, Ducks, Coyotes, Martins, Foxes, Badgers, Squirrels, Armadilloes, Rabbits, Eagles, Macaws, Coatis, Iguanas, and Pacas, Wild Boar, Rabbits, Peccaries, and Armadilows. Other sources of protein were Fish, Turtles, Iguanas, and Insects. Many varieties of animals were hunted as game in the lowlands; Jaguars, wild pigs, and tapirs were dangerous and may have been hunted mainly by members of the elite.

Beekeeping and Honey were important features of Mesoamerican life; the Maya used honey to sweeten some maize drinks, but it is not clear whether they used it for preserves or confectionery. On special occasions Chocolate was mixed with ground Maize and spiced with Chili.

Beans and Squash were often planted in the same hole with the Maize or the rows between. There were numerous varieties of Squash and Pumpkin, and varieties of Beans. Cotton was cultivated as well as Papaya, Avocado, Custard Apple, Sapodilla, and Manioc, Chaya, Jicama, Avocados, Sweet Potatoes, Guavas, Tomatoes, Vanilla Beans, Chili's, Plantains, Breadnut tree fruits, Hog Plums, Nance Plums and Guavas. In the lagoons and nearby rivers they fished for gar, snook, porgy, and catfish..




The Maya were fortunate to have abundant coastlines in their Empire for fishing and transportation.
Guatemala has 250 miles of coastline, Nicaragua has 570 miles of coastline, Belize has 240 miles
of coastline, Yucatan Peninsula has 700 miles of coastline. The Maya also fished and did business
 in the Gulf of Honduras. Columbus's Brother, Bartolomé Colón reported seeing
Mayan merchants in boats in the Gulf of Honduras.



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The Maya's use of large capacity Boats made it possible for the Maya
to venture further out in the Ocean to catch large fish such
as Yellowfin Tuna, Dorado, Tarpon, Snapper, Grouper, etc.


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Salt was produced by the Maya by solar evaporation on the north coast of the Yucatán, in the Maya Highlands, and on the Pacific coast. By boiling brine on the coast of Belize and on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, and in the Maya Highlands.

The salt was hardened in pots to form salt cakes and used to salt fish and meat, which were storable commodities that could be transported to marketplaces by canoe within the region.





Fresh water and close to shore Fish the Maya ate - (small sample only)

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Gar
Snook
Pacific Porgy
Catfish




The Maya also harvested Conch, Oysters, Mussels, Shrimp, Clams, Lobster, Wilks or Whelks, Scallops, and many more Shell Fish.

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Meats the Maya Ate - (small sample only)

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Fruits and Vegetables the Maya ate - (sample only)

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The Mesoamericans were robust users of rubber, according to historical and archaeological records.

With it they made sandals, rubber bands and also balls, which they used to play a ceremonial game in stone-walled courts.

Each of these items need different qualities in the rubber of which they are made.





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Huaraches are handmade pre-Columbian Rubber footwear, with leather covering, for the lower classes, that supposedly originate from the Mexican states of Jalisco, Michoacán and Yucatán in particular.





Maya Textiles

Maya women have traditionally created textiles in Maya society, and textiles were a significant form of ancient Maya art and religious beliefs. They were considered prestige goods that would distinguish the commoners from the elite. Ancient Maya women had two natural types of cotton to work with, one white and the other light brown, called cuyuscate, both of which were commonly dyed. The preparation of cotton for spinning was very burdensome, as it had to be washed and picked clean of seeds. The cotton was usually associated with the elites. Elite women were also given the opportunity to work with the most expensive feathers and Pearls. However, women of the elite not only had to prepare the best clothing for their families, but they also had to be talented in weaving tapestry, brocade, embroidery, and tie-dyeing for tribute to other families and rulers. Weavers had three different natural dyes to work with. Women also worked with maguey, the leaves of maguey are traditionally blended with abaca (banana leaf) to make ropes, nets, cordage, carpets, hammocks, and fiber craft items. In Mexico, where this plant originated, a type of maguey produces alcoholic drinks called mescal and pulque. To see examples of Mayan textiles, you will have to look very carefully at Mayan paintings and sculpture, as the material put out by modern sources is not trustworthy.


Tobacco

Tobacco has long been used in the Americas, with some cultivation sites in Mexico dating back to 1400–1000 B.C. Many Native American tribes traditionally grow and use tobacco. Historically, people from the Northeast Woodlands cultures have carried tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item. It was smoked both socially and ceremonially, such as to seal a peace treaty or trade agreement. In some Native cultures, tobacco is seen as a gift from the Creator, with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying one's thoughts and prayers to the Creator. The astronomer Thomas Harriot, who accompanied Sir Richard Grenville on his 1585 expedition to Roanoke Island, thought that the plant "openeth all the pores and passages of the body" so that the bodies of the natives "are notably preserved in health, and know not many grievous diseases, wherewithal we in England are often times afflicted."

Researchers have identified traces of nicotine inside a 1,300-year-old Mayan flask, confirming the vessel's ancient use and providing the earliest chemical evidence of tobacco in Maya culture. There's been ample evidence from textual and pictorial sources that the Maya smoked tobacco.


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Mature Tobacco Plant

Member of the Mayan Royal Court smoking a Cigar


The Coconut

The fruit of the palm (Cocos nucifera) provides a high-calorie food, potable water, fiber that can be spun into rope and such, and a hard shell that can be turned into charcoal. Unlike other juices, unflavored coconut water is low in sugar and calories. Coconut water is popular for rehydration after exercise or during mild illness: Coconut water has electrolytes, such as potassium, sodium and manganese.

Additional uses for Coconut:
Coconut Oil.
Coconut Milk.
Coconut Cream.
Coconut flakes (desiccated coconut)
Coconut Flour.
Coconut Sugar (made from the sap of the flower on the coconut palm)
Coconut Butter.

The origins of this plant are the subject of controversy; with some authorities claiming it is native to southeast Asia, while others claim its origin is in northwestern South America. Fossil records from New Zealand indicate that small, coconut-like plants, grew there as far back as 15 million years ago.

Regardless of its origins, the Coconut tree is a very smart plant. It grows close to the shoreline; when a "Storm" comes along, its seeds are blown into the water, where they float until they reach another land. At which time it germinates and grows into a new Coconut tree - Brilliant!  In this way, Coconut trees have come to inhabit every tropical coastal land mass around the world. So what would cause someone to say that Coconuts were introduced to Central America by "ancient Austronesians moving east rather than west." Silly-assed Albinos making stuff up when they don't know the answer. Unfortunately we don't know how the Maya used Coconuts, that knowledge has been lost, but as we take responsibility for uncovering and writing our own history, these things may be uncovered.


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Mayan Architecture

Features of Maya architecture include multi-level elevated platforms, massive step-pyramids, corbelled roofing, and monumental stairways. Exteriors were decorated with sculpture and mouldings of Maya glyphs, geometric shapes, and iconography from religion such as serpent masks. Interestingly, unlike in many other cultures, Maya architecture makes no particular distinction between religious and non-religious buildings.

Corbelled Roofing - A roof constructed using stone slabs that progressively overlap each other to create a vault or dome, the top being finished with a single capstone which spans the remaining hole.

Maya architects used readily available local materials, such as limestone at Palenque and Tikal, sandstone at Quiriguá, and volcanic tuff at Copan. Blocks were cut using stone tools only. Burnt-lime cement was used to create a form of concrete and was occasionally used as mortar, as was simple mud. Exterior surfaces were faced with stucco (a fine plaster used for coating wall surfaces or molding into architectural decorations) and decorated with high relief carvings or three-dimensional sculpture. Walls might also have fine veneers of ashlar slabs placed over a rubble core, a feature of buildings in the Puuc region. Walls in Maya buildings are usually straight and produce sharp angles but a notable idiosyncrasy is seen at Uxmal's House of the Governor (10th century CE) which has outer walls which lean outwards as they rise (called negative batter). The whole exterior was then covered in stucco and painted in bright colours, especially red, yellow, green, and blue. Interior walls were often decorated with murals depicting battles, rulers, and religious scenes. Mansard roofs were typical and made in imitation of the sloped thatch roofing of the more modest wooden and wattle dwellings of the majority of the population. Mansard roof - a roof which has four sloping sides, each of which becomes steeper halfway down. The Kabah Palace below has Mansard roofs.







Maya Ruins and Murals


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Cacaxtla

Cacaxtla is an archaeological site located near the southern border of the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. It was a sprawling palace containing vibrantly colored murals painted in unmistakable Maya style. The nearby site of Xochitecatl was a more public ceremonial complex associated with Cacaxtla. Cacaxtla and Xochitecatl prospered 650-900 A.D, they probably controlled important trade routes through the region with an enclave population of no more than 10,000 people. Cacaxtla was the capital of region inhabited by the Olmeca-Xicalanca people. The origins of the Olmeca-Xicalanca are not known with certainty, but they are assumed to come from the Gulf coast region, and were perhaps Maya settlers who arrived in this part of central Mexico around 400 A.D.


Because Cacaxtla's main basamento (basement, base (of a structure), was not excavated until the 1980s, many of the original coloured wall decorations have been preserved and can be appreciated in situ by visitors to the site. Of particular interest is the fact that most of the murals seem to combine the symbology of Altiplano (Andean Plateau, in west-central South America) cultures with influences from the Maya, making Cacaxtla unique in this regard.



Cacaxtla Battle Mural (Mural de la Batalla)


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Cacaxtla Battle Mural (left).

The most famous of Cacaxtla's preserved paintings is the "Battle Mural", or Mural de la batalla, located in the northern plaza of the basamento. Dating from prior to 700, it is placed on the sloping limestone wall of a temple base and is split in two by a central staircase. It presents a narrative scene nearly 26 meters (80 feet) long about the fearful armed fight between two clearly differentiated ethnic groups. The winning group has grayish-brown skin, a big nose, and no cranial deformation; they are armed with round shields, obsidian knives, dart launchers (atlatls), and spears. The defeated, by their facial profiles and the deformation of their heads, have been identified as Maya. They appear naked and wear only plumes, pectoral vests, earplugs, and some jade jewels. In A Building, two scenes are special; both are painted on a red background. The southern wall clearly presents a Maya dressed in a bird outfit and helmet, riding on a plumed serpent. The northern wall shows a man dressed in a jaguar outfit and helmet, standing on a jaguar-skinned serpent. This character has a bundle of darts dripping water from one end. The building's jambs are also of interest. On a blue background, two characters appear: a jaguar-man who pours water into a Tlaloc pot and a Maya with a snail, from which emerges a little red-haired man—probably representing the sun.



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The southern wall clearly presents a Maya dressed in a bird outfit and helmet, riding on a plumed serpent. The northern wall shows a man dressed in a jaguar outfit and helmet, standing on a jaguar-skinned serpent. This character has a bundle of darts dripping water from one end. The building's jambs are also of interest. On a blue background, two characters appear: a jaguar-man who pours water into a Tlaloc pot and a Maya with a snail, from which emerges a little red-haired man—probably representing the sun.


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Kaminaljuyu  "The Hill of the Dead" is a Pre-Columbian site of the Maya civilization that was primarily occupied from 1500 B.C, to A.D. 1200. Kaminaljuyu has been described as one of the greatest archaeological sites in the New World. But its remains today of only a few mounds are far less impressive than other Maya sites more frequented by tourists. When first mapped scientifically (by E. M. Shook over a period of decades from the 1930s on), it comprised some 200 platforms and pyramidal mounds, at least half of which were created before the end of the Preclassic period (250 A.D.).

The Kaminaljuyu site was largely swallowed up by real estate developments in the late 20th century, although a portion of the Classic period center of Kaminaljuyu is preserved as a 0.5 square km park (a fraction of the original ruins field size of around 5 km). The distinctly unimpressive character of the extant remains is due not only to the location of the ancient city beneath the capital city but also because the ancient architecture was constructed of hardened adobe, which was more perishable than the limestone used to build the cities in the Maya Lowlands.










Jacinto Pat - Mayan leader and Freedom Fighter

(we have no idea if Jacinto Pat really looked like this, but just the fact
that we could find a picture of him looking like a Black man is a victory).



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Jacinto Pat was a Batab (village chief) from the town of Tihosuco. He was leader and instigator - along with Cecilio Chi and Manuel Antonio Ay - of the War of the Castes (1848-1901). According to the Encyclopedia of Quintana Roo (area of the Yucatán), Pat is an ancient Mayan surname that means "invent", "create", "make things with mud or wax".

Before the Spanish invasion, his family ruled the Maya province of Ekab, and had great power and presence on the island of Cozumel. Ah Naum Pat was the halach uinic (The most powerful of the ruling elite) of Cozumel, and when the invaders arrived many inhabitants of that island moved to the Yucatan peninsula; more than 70 families with that surname lived in Cochuah, especially in Tihosuco.
In the book The Conspiracy of Xinum, the Yucatan writer Ermilo Abreu Gómez says that the Maya who were in the service of Jacinto Pat called him Tatich and shared with him the products and profits of the land.

He was vain but not selfish. In his hours of rest he read books that spoke about the history of Yucatan, he read a lot and had a reputation for learning passages from the writings of Cogolludo by heart. He admired the Mayan heroes who had opposed the Maya genocide. He paid no more attention to money, and he spent it easily. He did not have the stubbornness to accumulate treasures. Moreover, he told his friends that wealth makes spirits sour. He only sowed what was necessary for the sustenance of his family and the people at his service, and he felt profound contempt for the merchants and traffickers.


He had marked differences with don Cecilio Chi, since he prioritized the war and Jacinto Pat saw political negotiation as a way to avoid more deaths and to re-establish the Maya nation in its territory and with its own government. One thing united them strongly: they were proud of their Maya origin and at all costs wanted to free the Maya people from the misery and exploitation that the criollos (Albinos and Albino Mulattoes) imposed on them.

Pat resided in Tihosuco and accepted the Tzucacab Treaties with the government authorities. That act was repudiated by Cecilio Chi. Later Chi was assassinated by other Maya leaders due to differences in the strategy of the rebellion that would have to be conducted until the 20th century in which the last fortification of the rebels, the town of Chan Santa Cruz, was recovered by the troops of the Mexican federal government.

In mid-September of 1849, the leader José Venancio Pec accused Jacinto Pat of staying with the spoils of war and of imposing tributes to his Maya companions and assassinated him in Holchén in the current municipality of Tekit, in Yucatán. The Masewal Nation (Mayan), with its own army and government, existed for more than half a century with its capital in the city of Noj Kaaj Santa Cruz X Baalam Naj - now called Felipe Carrillo Puerto. The government there declared Jacinto Pat "Gran Cacique de Yucatán" ("Great Leader of the Yucatán").







More Maya Ruins and Murals



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Caracol

Caracol is a large ancient Maya archaeological site, located in what is now the Cayo District, of Belize. It is situated approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Xunantunich, and the town of San Ignacio, and 15 km (9.3 mi) from the Macal River.


Caracol is noted not only for its size during the Maya Classic era (A.D. 250-950), but also for its prowess in war; this includes an AD 562 defeat of Tikal (Guatemala) and a subsequent conquest of Naranjo (Guatemala) in AD 631



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Caracol



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Caracol



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Caracol



Uaxactun  Temple


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Uaxactun (pronounced [waʃakˈtun]) is an ancient sacred place of the Maya civilization, located in the Petén Basin region of the Maya lowlands, in the present-day department of Petén, Guatemala. The site lies some 12 miles (19 km) north of the major center of Tikal. The name is sometimes spelled as Waxaktun.


Uaxactun Mural


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 According to Mary Ellen Miller (2006a: 65), the mural painting found in Structure B-XIII reveals a “sophisticated complexity in the art of the fifth century”. The people are in an open space as well as within the architecture. The musicians are huddled together as a dense group,  partly overlapping one another. A single musician addresses the person behind him with a gesture that would eventually become common in Maya art (Miller 1983: 19).The mural was 3.2 m long and 0.9 m high. According to Miller (2006b: 132), “framed by a  broad red outline, as are Maya books, the Uaxactun painting gives us the sense of what a Maya  book of the period would have looked like.” Besides this, the type of structure painted on the mural scene corresponds to the one excavated in the rooms of phase B, later serving as a model for the archaeological reconstruction (Smith 1950: 56). Below the main mural, an additional hieroglyphic text was discovered in the form of alignment of days of the Tzolk’in calendar,  possibly associated with a brief description on the depicted events.



Yaxchilan

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Yaxchilán is located on the south bank of the Usumacinta River, in Chiapas, Mexico. It was a significant Maya center during the Classic period (250–900 C.E.) and a number of its buildings stand to this day. Many of the exteriors had elaborate decorations, but it is the carved stone lintels above their doorways which have made this site famous. These lintels, commissioned by the rulers of the city, provide a lengthy dynastic record in both text and image. Remains of stone pilings suggest the site once had a bridge or toll gate.


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Lintels are often found in masonry or brick buildings, lintels provide structural support to stone constructions. In contrast, headers are more typical of wooden structures. Arches are often more complicated to build and curve over an entrance, window or other opening. The Lintels at Yaxchilán structure 23 are 3.58 ft. x 2.58 ft. x 2.3 in.


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Lintels 24 and 25 are on permanent display in the British Museum’s Mexican Gallery.
Lintel 26, the third in the series, is in the Museo Nacional de Antropología, in Mexico City.


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Lintel 24
This lintel depicts a blood-letting ritual. Itzamnaaj B'alam dominates the scene here, although his ritual function is entirely assistant to his wife in the lower right hand corner. He bears a flaming torch which illuminates the scene and suggests this took place at night. The text gives the date of the ritual, a Long Count date corresponding to the evening of October 28th, AD 709.

Lady K'abal Xok sits dressed in a richly embroidered cloak whose patterns are depicted with care, as is the headdress of a quetzal-feather mosaic and flower tassles. She has pierced her tongue and is pulling a rope through the hole to allow the blood to pour forth, facilitated by the obsidian blades woven into the rope. Her hands guide the rope through her tongue – curls of blood are seen around her mouth – before it coils down to a basket filled with paper onto which the blood spills. It is this basket which will become the source of the narrative for the next scene.


Lintel 25
This lintel must surely be considered one of the most spectacular images from Classic Maya art – indeed Sylvanus Morley considered it the pinnacle expression of the whole Maya civilisation.

Now dressed in even finer garments decorated with flower motifs and bearing both the basket of blood-soaked papers along with a serpent bar decorated with a skull in her hands, Lady K'abal Xok gazes upwards with shamanic intensity at the vision she has conjured. At her feet lies the basket of papers, and it is from these that a double-headed Vision Serpent emerges, winding its way up the left hand side of the lintel image, part-snake, part-centipede, before opening the jaws of its upper head to reveal Yoaat B'alam, the First-Seated Lord and ancestral founder of the Yaxchilan royal line. The lower jaws contain a standard representation of Chac, the Mayan Storm God.


The upper figure Yoaat B'alam emerges face first in warrior garb with shield and spear, while his gaze is aimed directly at Lady K'abal Xok in a moment of sacred intimacy and communion. The ancestor wears a head-dress and mask indicative of his role as Aj K'ak' O Chaak ('Chac, He of Fire'), the local Yaxchilan title of the Mayan Storm God, and the tutelary defender of the city. So, at least, the main text on the top line of the lintel tells us. However, the second text – the five glyphs hanging down on the upper left side – informs us that “she is the likeness of Lady Yohl, the incense-scatterer of the Wite'naah [House of Origins] of Lady K'abal Xok.”

These words lend an androgynous sense to the face of the ancestor, and ambiguously suggest that the figure so envisioned represents the combined ancestral spirits of both of the king's and queen's houses. Nonetheless, this is a stunning and profound artwork of visionary intensity and its fuller significance will be discussed in a moment.





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Lintel 26
The sequence of ritual ends with this somewhat damaged lintel of obscure meaning. Lady K'abal Xok has returned to Itzamnaaj B'alam II after the experience of her vision. The king wears quilted armour and bears a flint knife, gesturing with his hand to receive the jaguar mask and shield that his wife is giving him.

The interpretation here is difficult: is Lady K'abal Xok preparing him for battle or does she re-inform his kingship through her vision and is thus handing him symbols of his reign? The word b'alam, 'jaguar', in the king's name and the textual reference to the king's accession several decades before this scene suggests the latter, but elsewhere we see no reference to jaguar masks as symbolising royal status, nor are we aware of any major battle around this time that Yaxchilan was involved in.





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THE "LAST" RACE WAR

or the "Caste War" of the Yucatan


The Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) was one of the longest-running insurgencies of the nineteenth century. The armed resistance had origins in the expropriation of Maya land for Albino agricultural estates—known as haciendas—which followed Mexican independence. This redistribution of land impacted the subsistence farming of mostly Maya peasants and exacerbated their inability to pay increased taxes and forced church offerings.



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The Maya had a class hierarchy: king, nobility, priests, artisans, working class (farmers and
peasants) and slaves. The Spanish class hierarchy mirrored that of the Maya. Post-Conquest, the Maya
traded one class system for another. Instead of working toward the greater good of their own people, in
deference to their own king, nobility, and educated priests and scribes; the Maya were forced to serve a
Spanish king, Spanish nobility, and Spanish priests who advanced Christianity and eradicated Maya
culture and religion in the name of progress and salvation.

The Maya were accustomed to paying tribute to Maya kings in the form of labor, goods, and food. After the Conquest, the Maya continued paying tribute, but this time to their Spanish oppressors under the encomienda system. The labors of the Maya were for the greater good and benefit of a far-off king and country and for leaders who cared little, if at all, for the Maya way of life or the dignity of their humanity.

The Maya were used and degraded; treated like animals. They were harshly
punished if they turned to their original faith for solace, and many lost hope and committed suicide. The Maya’s religious beliefs defined their culture and roles in their world and in juxtaposition of this aspect, the Spanish religion, Catholicism, systematically destroyed the Maya just to the brink of complete annihilation.



The conflict began in 1847 with criticisms to the government that evolved to protests by Maya natives who considered their living conditions at the hands of Albino and Mulatto groups who exercised power in the Yucatan Peninsula, to be too terrible to tolerate. Eventually these protests escalated into an armed rebellion that went from a struggle for social equality to a violent war sustained by racial hatred against “THE WHITES” and their "MULATTOES".

From the assassination of Mayan chief Manuel Antonio Ay on July 26, 1847, to the seizure of Chan Santa Cruz, the last autonomous Mayan community, by federal forces on July 1, 1901, the armed conflict lasted 54 years. Among the troops of the Yucatan government, federal government, Mayan rebels and civilians in general, it is estimated that approximately 350,000 people were killed, most of this number, during the first 3 years of the rebellion (1847-1850), although, again, different sources tend to have different numbers.

In 1847 the confrontation became inevitable, the tension between the Yucateco politicians (all of them Creole - a person of mixed European and Black descent) and the Mayan “caciques” (chiefs) reached a critical point after the assassination of one of the three indigenous leaders: Manuel Antonio Ay. The two remaining chiefs who led the indigenous movement, Cecilio Chi and Jacinto Pat (his story above), commanded the Mayan militia in a campaign against “the entire white and mixed population” (creoles/mestizos). The Mayan attack was brutal. In less than a year of conflict they massacred thousands of people, occupied the current state of Quintana Roo, a part of the current state of Yucatan, leaving them in control of the “Yucatan Republic” the territory where the current state of Campeche is.

Background to the War

In Spanish colonial times, Yucatán (like most of New Spain) was under a legal caste system, with officials born in Spain at the top, the Creoles of Spanish descent in the next level, followed by the Mestizo population, then the American native people called "Hidalgos" descendants of the Mongol nobility who had collaborated with the Spanish in their conquest of Yucatán, and at the bottom were the mass of native Mayans.

With Mexican independence there was much rhetoric of a new equality before the law, but little actually changed other than the Creoles (Mulattoes) taking over the role of the Spaniards at the top of the political pyramid.

The Caste War

The greatest success of the Maya revolt was reached in the spring of 1848, with the Europeans driven from most of the peninsula other than the walled cities of Campeche and Mérida, and with Yucatecan troops holding the road from Mérida to the port of Sisal. The Yucatecan governor Miguel Barbachano had prepared a decree for the evacuation of Mérida, but was apparently delayed in publishing it by the lack of suitable paper in the besieged capital. The decree became unnecessary when the republican troops suddenly broke the siege and took the offensive with major advances. The majority of the Maya troops, not realizing the unique strategic advantage of their situation, had left the lines to plant their crops, planning to return after planting.

Yucatán had considered itself an independent nation, but during the crisis of the revolt had offered sovereignty to any nation that would aid in defeating the Mayans. The Mexican government was in a rare position of being cash rich from payment by the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for the territory taken in the Mexican-American War, and accepted Yucatán's offer. Yucatán was officially reunited with Mexico on 17 August 1848. European Yucateco forces rallied, aided by fresh guns, money, and troops from Mexico, and pushed back the Maya from more than half of the state.

In the 1850s a stalemate developed, with the Yucatecan government in control of the north-west, and the Maya in control of the south-east, with a sparsely populated jungle frontier in between.

In 1850, the Maya of the south east were inspired to continue the struggle by the apparition of the "Talking Cross". This apparition, believed to be a way in which God communicated with the Maya, dictated that the War continue. Chan Santa Cruz (Small Holy Cross) became the religious and political center of the Maya resistance and the rebellion came to be infused with religious significance. Chan Santa Cruz also became the name of the largest of the independent Maya states, as well as the name of the capital town. The followers of the Cross were known as "Cruzob".

The government of Yucatán first declared the war over in 1855, but hopes for peace were premature. There were regular skirmishes, and occasional deadly major assaults into each other's territory, by both sides. The United Kingdom recognized the Chan Santa Cruz Maya as a de facto independent nation, in part because of the major trade between Chan Santa Cruz and British Honduras (Belize).

Negotiations in 1883 led to a treaty signed on 11 January 1884 in Belize City by a Chan Santa Cruz general and the vice-Governor of Yucatán recognizing Mexican sovereignty over Chan Santa Cruz in exchange for Mexican recognition of Chan Santa Cruz leader Crescencio Poot as "Governor" of the "State" of Chan Santa Cruz, but the following year there was a coup d'état in Chan Santa Cruz, and the treaty was declared canceled.

The Independent Maya Communities

The Chan Santa Cruz state, stretching from north of Tulum to the Belize border and a considerable distance inland, was the largest of the independent Maya communities of the era but not the only one. The Ixcanha Maya community had a population of some 1,000 people who refused the Cruzob's break with traditional Catholicism. In the years of stalemate, Ixcanha agreed to nominal recognition of Mexico in exchange for some guns to defend themselves from Cruzob raids and the promise that the Mexican government would leave them alone. As Chan Santa Cruz was more of a worry, the Mexicans let Ixcanha govern itself through 1894.

Another important group was the Icaiche Maya, in the jungles of the lower center of the peninsula, who in the 1860s battled against the Mexicans, the Cruzob, and made raids and invasions against British Honduras (Belize) as well, under their leader Marcos Canul. Canul's forces occupied Corazal Town in 1870 and attacked Orange Walk Town on 1 September 1872. The British mounted a retaliatory raid, including in their weaponry incendiary rockets which set the houses of Icaiche on fire from a good distance away, to the awe of Icaiche's residents. Canul was deposed and the new Icaiche leaders promised respect and friendship with the British. They soon made an agreement with Mexico similar to that of Ixcanha.

The Gradual End of the War

In 1893 the United Kingdom was enjoying good relations with Mexico's Porfirio Díaz administration, and British investment in Mexico had become of much greater economic importance than the trade between the Cruzob and Belize. The UK signed a treaty with Mexico recognizing Mexican sovereignty over the region, formalizing the border between Mexico and British Honduras (Belize), and closing their colony's border to trade with the Chan Santa Cruz "rebels". As Belize merchants were Chan Santa Cruz's main source of gunpowder, this was a serious blow for the independent Maya.

The Mexican army had twice before managed to fight their way to the town of Chan Santa Cruz in previous decades, but was driven back both times. In 1901 Mexican general Ignacio Bravo led his troops to the town to stay, occupying with a large force and over the next years subduing surrounding villages. Bravo telegraphed the news that the war was over on 5 May (the Cinco de mayo) that year. While this is the date most frequently given for the end of the war, fighting continued, although on a smaller scale. With their capital lost, the Cruzob split into smaller groups often hiding in small hamlets in the jungle, and their numbers were seriously lessened by the epidemics of measles and smallpox that came with General Bravo's troops.

The Chan Santa Cruz Maya, under the influence of the persistent Talking Cross Cult, remained actively hostile well into the Twentieth Century. For many years, any non-Maya who entered the jungles of what is now the Mexican state of Quintana Roo would have been killed. But the combination of new economic factors such as the appearance of the Wrigley Company's chicle hunters and the political and social changes resulting from the Mexican Revolution eventually reduced the hatred and hostility. In one form or another, war and armed struggle had continued for more than 50 years and an estimated 40,000 - 50,000 people had died in the hostilities.


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Chicle

Chicle is a natural gum traditionally used in making chewing gum and other products. It is collected from several species of Mesoamerican trees in the genus Manilkara, including M. zapota, M. chicle, M. staminodella, and M. bidentata.


The tapping of the gum is similar to the tapping of latex from the rubber tree: zig-zag gashes are made in the tree trunk and the dripping gum is collected in small bags. It is then boiled until it reaches the correct thickness. Locals who collect chicle are called chicleros.


The word chicle comes from the Nahuatl word for the gum, tzictli [ˈt͡sikt͡ɬi], which can be translated as "sticky stuff". Alternatively, it may have come from the Mayan word tsicte. Chicle was well known to the Aztecs and to the Maya, and early European settlers prized it for its subtle flavor and high sugar content.


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The war was officially declared over for the final time in September 1915 by General Salvador Alvarado. General Alvarado, sent by the revolutionary government in Mexico City to restore order in Yucatán, implemented reforms which more-or-less eliminated the conflicts that had been the cause of the wars.

Although the war had been declared over many times before in previous decades, records show that the last time the Mexican army considered it necessary to take by force one of the area's villages which had never recognized Mexican law was in April 1933, when five Maya and two Mexican soldiers died in the battle for the village of Dzula – the last skirmish of a conflict lasting over 85 years.






More Maya Ruins and Murals




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Uxmal

Uxmal is an ancient Maya city of the classical period located in present-day Mexico. It is considered one of the most important archaeological sites of Maya culture, along with Palenque, Chichen Itza and Calakmul in Mexico, Caracol and Xunantunich in Belize, and Tikal in Guatemala. It is located in the Puuc region of the eastern Yucatán Peninsula, and is considered one of the Maya cities most representative of the region's dominant architectural style. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of its significance.

Uxmal is located 62  km south of Mérida, capital of Yucatán state in Mexico. Its buildings are noted for their size and decoration. Ancient roads called sacbes connect the buildings, and also were built to other cities in the area such as Chichén Itzá in modern-day Mexico, Caracol and Xunantunich in modern-day Belize, and Tikal in modern-day Guatemala.




Recreation of Uxmal

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The Nunnery at Uxmal

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Kabah
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Kabah is south of Uxmal, connected to Uxmal by an 18 kilometres (11 miles) long raised causeway 5 metres (16 feet) wide with monumental arches at each end. Kabah is the second largest ruin of the Puuc region after Uxmal.(Causeways are raised roadways to avoid flooding).
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Quiriguá

Quiriguá
is a relatively small site that was founded by Tikal in the Early Classic in order to control the Motagua River trade route, important for the transport of jade and obsidian. Originally a vassal of Copán, the city rebelled and allied itself with Calakmul, after which it erected elaborate monuments in a style similar to that of its former overlord. Izabal Department, Guatemala.

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Stela from Quiriguá depicting a queen trampling a captive, ca. 653 A.D, Guatemala City.

 Quiriguá statue - representing king K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat




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Mayan Ceremonial Cups

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Cholula Pyramid - Catholic Churches were built on top of it when the conquistadors, led by Hernán Cortés, decided to build a church on top of the Great Pyramid, not knowing what was beneath it. Experts believe that Cholula had 365 temples, one for each day of the year. The multi-domed cathedral built in 1594 by the Spanish is clearly visible at the top. The Great Pyramid of Cholula actually has seven pyramids. It is a giant construction with many layers. Excavations discovered the original colors of the bricks and how they called the first pyramid La Conejera (Building A).

The pyramid’s second phase was the Pyramid of the Pointed Skulls on top of La Conejera, and it had seven levels that led to the Altar of the Sculpted Skulls. The Pyramid of the Nine Stories, which was the largest part of the construction, had nine floors and the Altar del Jaguar (Jaguar Altar.) Each indigenous group added their own contribution to their pyramids. Cholula was the center of worship for Quetzalcoatl, one of the Mayans’ most important gods. When the Aztecs eventually arrived, they were amazed by Cholula’s size. They believed the mythological giant Xelhua must have built it.

The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt is the most famous pyramid in the world, but it isn’t the biggest. The Great Pyramid of Cholula holds that title. It’s four times larger than Giza and twice its volume. The reason why it’s commonly overlooked is because the gigantic pyramid is hidden under layers of dirt. People usually see it more as a hill than a place of worship.



Mayan Ceremonial Cups

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Chichen Itza

Chichen Itza was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period. The archeological site is located in Tinúm Municipality, Yucatán State, Mexico.

Chichen Itza was a major focal point in the Northern Maya Lowlands from the Late Classic (c. AD 600–900) through the Terminal Classic (c. AD 800–900) and into the early portion of the Postclassic period (c. AD 900–1200). The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico and of the Puuc and Chenes styles of the Northern Maya lowlands. The presence of central Mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central Mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non-Maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion.

Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities and it was likely to have been one of the mythical great cities, or Tollans, referred to in later Mesoamerican literature. The city may have had the most diverse population in the Maya world, a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site.

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El Castillo—in Spanish, “the castle”—looms at the center of Chichén Itzá, a 79-foot pyramid of stone. Also known as the Pyramid of Kukulkán, the structure embodies Mayan myth along with natural astronomical cycles.

The phenomenon that El Castillo is famous for occurs twice each year, at the spring and fall equinoxes. (In fact, the effect is viewable for a week before and after each equinox.) As the equinox sun sets, a play of light and shadow creates the appearance of a snake that gradually undulates down the stairway of the pyramid. This diamond-backed snake is composed of seven or so triangular shadows, cast by the stepped terraces of the pyramid. The sinking sun seems to give life to the sinuous shadows, which make a decidedly snaky pattern on their way down the stairs.
Thousands of people gather to see this phenomenon, which may have been viewed by the ancient Maya as the manifestation of the god Kukulkán, the feathered serpent. But was the effect intentional, or merely a happy accident? 



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Chichén Itzá


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Mayan Ceremonial Cups

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Becan

Becan is an archaeological site of the Maya civilization in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Becan is located near the center of the Yucatán Peninsula, in the present-day Mexican state of Campeche.

 Archaeological evidence shows that Becan was occupied in the middle Preclassic Maya period, about 550 BCE, and grew to a major population and ceremonial center a few hundred years later in the late Preclassic. The population and scale of construction declined in the early classic (c 250 CE), although it was still a significant site, and trade goods from Teotihuacan have been found. A ditch and ramparts were constructed around the site at this time. There is a ditch that runs the circumference of the city which covers approximately (61.7 acres).




Mayan Ceremonial Plates

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Calakmul

Calakmul was one of the two most important Maya cities in the Classic Period, when its rivalry with Tikal dominated the Maya political landscape. The city was already an important city in the Late Preclassic, with dated monuments being erected up to the beginning of the 10th century  A.D. Caracol is a large ancient Maya archaeological site, located in what is now the Cayo District, of Belize. It is situated approximately 40 kilometres (25  mi) south of Xunantunich, and the town of San Ignacio, and 15  km (9.3  mi) from the Macal River. It rests on the Vaca Plateau, at an elevation of 500  m (1,600  ft) above sea-level, in the foothills of the Maya Mountains. Long thought to be a tertiary center, it is now known that the site was one of the most important regional political centers of the Maya Lowlands during the Classic Period. Caracol covered approximately 200 square kilometres (77  sq  mi), covering an area much larger than present-day Belize City, the largest metropolitan area in the country, and supported more than twice the modern city's population.

A major rival to the city of Tikal, Calakmul is believed to have primarily been built between 600 B.C, and 250 A.D, although the two cities became rivals primarily in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D. At its height it was thought to have had estimated to have a population of 50,000, spanning over 27 square miles.. However, as with many cities in the region, Calakmul was slowly abandoned with the collapse of Maya power, around 900 A.D.

Once comprising of thousands of buildings and other structures, even today Calakmul is only partially excavated: the jungle is extremely dense and excavation is hard work. However, these ruins contain huge pyramids, temples and other structures which are truly awe-inspiring to behold, including the ‘Great Pyramid’ which is the tallest pyramid in the Yucatan and the largest Mayan structure discovered so far. Calakmul was far from sources of natural water so the Mayans built a system of reservoirs which are still used by archaeologists today.




Excavations at the ancient Maya site of Calakmul, Mexico, have uncovered a “painted pyramid:” a structure decorated with murals depicting scenes of its inhabitants giving, receiving, and consuming diverse foods, as well as displaying and transporting other goods. Many are accompanied by hieroglyphic captions that describe the participants, and include spellings of key subsistence items. Collectively, they offer insights into the social mechanisms by which goods were circulated within major Maya centers.

There are 6,750 ancient structures identified at Calakmul, the largest of which is the great pyramid at the site. The structure 2 is over 45 metres (148 ft) high, making it one of the tallest of the Maya pyramids. Four tombs have been located within the pyramid.

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Tikal

Tikal is the ruin of an ancient city, which was likely to have been called Yax Mutal, found in a rainforest in Guatemala. It is one of the largest archeological sites and urban centers of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala. Situated in the department of El Petén, the site is part of Guatemala's Tikal National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Tikal was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya. Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC, Tikal reached its apogee during the Classic Period, c. 200 to 900. During this time, the city dominated much of the Maya region politically, economically, and militarily, while interacting with areas throughout Mesoamerica such as the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico. There is evidence that Tikal was conquered by Teotihuacan in the 4th century AD. Following the end of the Late Classic Period, no new major monuments were built at Tikal and there is evidence that elite palaces were burned. These events were coupled with a gradual population decline, culminating with the site's abandonment by the end of the 10th century.

Tikal is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities, with a long dynastic ruler list, the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their monuments, temples and palaces.




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Sayil

Sayil is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Yucatán, in the southwest of the state, south of Uxmal. It was incorporated together with Uxmal as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.
 

Sayil flourished principally, albeit briefly, during the Terminal Classic period. A number of badly damaged monuments suggest that Sayil was governed by a local royal dynasty, with wealth among lineages based, at least in part, upon control of the best agricultural lands. The site is located in the karst limestone hills of the Puuc region of the northern Yucatan Peninsula.
Sayil was first settled circa AD 800, in the Late Classic Period, possibly by small Chontal warrior groups. The city reached its greatest extent c. 900, when it covered an area of approximately 5 km² and had a population of perhaps 10,000 in the city itself with an additional 5,000–7,000 living in the surrounding area.



It is reported that when Thurgood Marshall (the first Black Supreme Court Justice: Nominated by Lyndon B. Johnson) resigned from the high court, there was great pressure on president George W. Bush to nominate a Black man to replace him. President Bush is reported to have said; "if it has to be another Black man, then it will be OUR kind of Black man". And so it came to pass, he did nominate a Black man that was Albino in every way, just like Steven.



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